Melanins and melanogenesis: methods, standards, protocols

d’Ischia, Marco; Wakamatsu, Kazumasa; Napolitano, Alessandra; Briganti, Stefania; García‐Borrón, José C.; Kovacs, Daniela; Meredith, Paul; Pezzella, Alessandro; Picardo, Mauro; Sarna, Tadeusz; Simon, John D.; Ito, Shosuke

doi:10.1111/pcmr.12121

Cited by 399 publications

(526 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Regarding this concept, other bacterial species have no polyphenol oxidase but are able to form a yellowish pigment that is also named pyomelanin [8,10,124]. Its color resembles pheomelanin, but, in fact, these pyomelanins are different from those formed by Pseudomonas as they are derived from the homogentisic acid, HGA-melanin (Figure 1(h)), an intermediate of the tyrosine catabolic pathway.…”

Section: Bacterial Melaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main fragments are the carboxylic pyrrolic acids PDCA, PTCA, and others and aminohydroxyphenylalanine (AHP) units. There are detailed and updated reviews about HPLC quantitation, structure of those fragments, and their utility as markers for qualitative and quantitative melanin determination [10,27,28].…”

Section: Animal Melaninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have been defined in several ways during the last 50 years [8][9][10] but most of the proposed definitions present some small pitfalls as they are partial or uncompleted due to the difficulty of defining something with such a wide diversity in composition, color, size, occurrence, and functions. This is obvious since melanin can be found in all living kingdoms.…”

Section: Antecedents Concept Types and Occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

Solano

2014

New Journal of Science

441

431

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This review presents a general view of all types of melanin in all types of organisms. Melanin is frequently considered just an animal cutaneous pigment and is treated separately from similar fungal or bacterial pigments. Similarities concerning the phenol precursors and common patterns in the formation routes are discussed. All melanins are formed in a first enzymatically-controlled phase, generally a phenolase, and a second phase characterized by an uncontrolled polymerization of the oxidized intermediates. In that second phase, quinones derived from phenol oxidation play a crucial role. Concerning functions, all melanins show a common feature, a protective role, but they are not merely photoprotective pigments against UV sunlight. In pathogenic microorganisms, melanization becomes a virulence factor since melanin protects microbial cells from defense mechanisms in the infected host. In turn, some melanins are formed in tissues where sunlight radiation is not a potential threat. Then, their redox, metal chelating, or free radical scavenging properties are more important than light absorption capacity. These pigments sometimes behave as a doubleedged sword, and inhibition of melanogenesis is desirable in different cells. Melanin biochemistry is an active field of research from dermatological, biomedical, cosmetical, and microbiological points of view, as well as fruit technology.

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Section: Bacterial Melaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Melaninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antecedents Concept Types and Occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

Solano

2014

New Journal of Science

441

431

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“…We studied the possibility to realize biocompatible and conductive interfaces for bioelectronics applications by an efficient interfacing of two materials featuring π-π systems, namely the human pigment eumelanin (EU) [96] and GL layers. The hybrid material (EUGL) exhibited adhesion, water stability, biocompatibility towards stem cells and microglia cells [97].…”

Section: Experimental and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-Like Layers from Unconventional Carbon Sources: New Perspectives on Hybrid Materials and π-system Synergisms

Capua

Gargiulo

AlfГЁ

2016

Eurasian Chem. Tech. J.

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We developed a new approach for producing graphene-like (GL) materials through a two-steps oxidation/reduction method starting from a nanostructured (high surface) carbon black, a versatile carbonaceous material prone to be structurally and chemically modified in quite mild wet conditions. Atomic Force Microscopy and zetapotential measurements allowed to model the assembling mechanisms and the role of hydrophobic interactions, demonstrating the possibility to easily tune the surface morphology. GL materials have been then employed in a large variety of hybrid materials for innovative applications, and characterized by chemical, electrical, structural and spectroscopic techniques. With Metal-Organic Frameworks, GL produced conducting composites with electrical conductivity tunable by changing the concentration of the parent materials; Eumelanin/GL and TiO 2 -nanoparticles/GL were also studied for photocatalysis and biosensors applications.

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“…

a consensus among researchers on universally accepted and shared nomenclature, methodologies, standards and protocols in melanin research [11]. The current volume is a compilation of unpublished research results in this ield.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%