Membrane materials for water purification: design, development, and application

Lee, Anna; Elam, Jeffrey W.; Darling, Seth B.

doi:10.1039/c5ew00159e

Cited by 489 publications

(404 citation statements)

References 278 publications

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“…RO membranes are in fact dense and non-porous membranes. (Reprinted with permission from Lee et al 85 Copyright 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry.) currently being carried out to realize its potential as a next-generation desalination membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene membranes for water desalination

2017

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Extensive environmental pollution caused by worldwide industrialization and population growth has led to a water shortage. This problem lowers the quality of human life and wastes a large amount of money worldwide each year due to the related consequences. One main solution for this challenge is water purification. State-of-the-art water purification necessitates the implementation of novel materials and technologies that are cost and energy efficient. In this regard, graphene nanomaterials, with their unique physicochemical properties, are an optimum choice. These materials offer extraordinarily high surface area, mechanical durability, atomic thickness, nanosized pores and reactivity toward polar and non-polar water pollutants. These characteristics impart high selectivity and water permeability, and thus provide excellent water purification efficiency. This review introduces the potential of graphene membranes for water desalination. Although literature reviews have mostly concerned graphene's capability for the adsorption and photocatalysis of water pollutants, updated knowledge related to its sieving properties is quite limited. NPG Asia Materials (2017) 9, e427; doi:10.1038/am.2017.135; published online 25 August 2017 INTRODUCTION Currently,~1.2 billion people around the world are suffering from a shortage of water and its adverse consequences on health, food and energy. 1,2 On one hand, population growth, increased industrialization and greater energy needs and, on the other hand, loss of snowmelt, shrinkage of glaciers and so on will worsen this situation in upcoming years. As estimated by the world water council, the number of affected people will rise to 3.9 billion in the coming decades. 2,3 One of the most promising approaches to alleviate the water shortage, desalination can increase the water supply beyond what is available from the hydrological cycle. 4 Seawater desalination indeed provides an infinite, steady supply of high-quality water that does not harm natural freshwater ecosystems.Seawater comprises a vast supply of water (97.5% of all water on the planet). Thus, the growth of the installation of seawater desalination facilities in the past decade to circumvent water shortage problems in water-stressed countries has progressed quickly. In 2016, the global water production by desalination was estimated to be 38 billion cubic meter per year, that is, two times higher than that in 2008. 5 So far, seawater desalination has been mainly performed via multistage flash distillation and reverse osmosis (RO). 6 Mostly in the arid Persian Gulf countries, desalination plants perform based on heating and then condensing seawater. This kind of desalination plant consumes large amounts of thermal and electric energy, thus emitting greenhouse gases extensively. 7 In addition to this non-economical and non-ecofriendly version of desalination plants, the main type of desalination plants constructed in the past two decades, as well as future planned ones, are based on RO technology (Figure 1). 8

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene membranes for water desalination

2017

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“…In membrane separation fields, porous membranes are commonly applied in membrane distillation, supported liquid membrane, osmotic distillation, membrane based gas absorption, membrane contact and others. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is one of the most commonly used as polymer membrane due its excellent properties such as chemical resistance, thermal stability and good mechanical strength (Lee, Elam, & Darling, 2015). PVDF is a semi-crystalline polymer where the crystalline phase offers mechanical strength and impact resistance and the amorphous phase provides flexibility (Liu, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic Degradation of Oil using Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Titanium Dioxide Composite Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Production of industrial wastewater is increasing as the oil and gas industry grows rapidly over the years. The constituents in the industrial wastewater such as organic and inorganic matters, dispersed and lubricant oil and metals which have high toxicity become the major concern to the environment and ecosystem. There are many technologies are being used for oil removal from industrial wastewater. However, there are still needs to find an effective technology to treat oily wastewater before in can be discharge safely to the environment. Membrane technology is an attractive separation technology to treat oily wastewater. The aim of this study is to fabricate polyvinylidene/titanium dioxide (PVDF/TiO2) composite membrane with further treatment using hot pressed method to enhance the adhesion between TiO2 with the membrane surfaces. In this study the structural and physical properties of fabricated membrane were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of oil was measured using UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The FTIR results confirmed that, hot pressed PVDF/TiO2 membrane TiO2 was successfully deposited onto PVDF membranes surface and XRD results shows that the XRD pattern of PVDF//TiO2 found that the crystalline structure was remained unchanged after hot pressed. Clear water was obtained after synthetic oily wastewater was exposed to visible light for at least 6 hours. In conclusion, PVDF/TiO2 composite membrane can be a potential candidate to degrade oil in oily wastewater and suggested to possess an excellent performance if perform simultaneously with membrane separation process.

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“…A membrane is a thin physical interface that permits specified elements to pass through depending on their distinct physical or chemical properties. Membranes can remove molecular and mesoscopic pollutants effectively, including microorganisms and colloids, however true challenges remain in large-scale utilization [28]. Recently, low-pressure membrane filtration, particularly microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), has wildly drawn attention and been considered as a possible economically viable alternative to usual water treatments.…”

Section: Membrane Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Water Purification System Design: Application Study in Lake Taihu, China

You¹,

Zheng²,

Ho³

2017

JRST

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Through investigation and comparison of the methods of water purification, salvage and aeration were confirmed to be the most effective methods in treating the pollution in Lake Taihu. A solar water purification system was designed to achieve the effects of salvage and aeration. To collect algae as "salvage," this purification system employed a combination of a water pump and filter screen. To increase the dissolved oxygen, the water pump lifted water and sprayed it into the air, and an air pump was equipped to inject oxygen bubbles into the water. After a one-year test at Lake Taihu, the effectiveness of this purification system was confirmed. It could effectively lower the levels of permanganate, NH NH 3 4 + / , and chlorophyll a and increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the lake water.

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Membrane materials for water purification: design, development, and application

Abstract: New membrane technologies based on novel organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials and with unprecedented functionality are reviewed.

Cited by 489 publications

References 278 publications

Graphene membranes for water desalination

Graphene membranes for water desalination

Photocatalytic Degradation of Oil using Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Titanium Dioxide Composite Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment

Solar Water Purification System Design: Application Study in Lake Taihu, China

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