Menstrual problems in adolescence: relationship to serum vitamins A and E, and systemic inflammation

Is Premenstrual Syndrome Associated with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status? A Systematic Review of Case–Control and Cross-Sectional Studies

“…Six studies were conducted in Asia (four in Iran [20,25,26,28], one in Kuwait [24], and one in India [23]), three in Eastern Europe (Turkey [18,19,22]), and two in northern and South America (USA [27] and Brazil [21]). The sizes of studies were relatively small, with the number of PMS cases ranging from 11 [18] to 134 [25] and the number of controls from 10 [18] to 163 [28]. In the included studies, a wide variety of biomarkers were assessed; thus, we summarized and divided them into three main categories (inflammatory, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status parameters) with subgroups, as presented in Table 3.…”

“…Interleukins Total Total IL-1β [21,24,27] TOS [22] TAC (TAS/FRAP) [19,20,22,23] IL-2 [27] OSI [22] Specific vitamins/minerals IL-4 [24,27] Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation vitamin A [25] IL-5 [27] MDA [18,19] vitamin D [24,28] IL-6 [27] LHP (LOOH) [19,22] vitamin E [25] IL-7 [21,27] PC [19,23] cooper [26] IL-8 [21,24,27] PPT [23] zinc [20,26,28] IL-10 [21,27] Others zinc/cooper ratio [26] IL-12 [27] -SH [22] Enzymes IL-13 [27] T-SH [19] SOD [26] IL-17 [24] NO [18] Others AM [18] TNF-α [21,24,27] IFN-γ [24,27] GMCSF [27] hsCRP [25,27] Anti-Hsp27 [25] Abbreviations: AM-adrenome...…”

“…The methodological quality assessment of the studies included in the review indicated that nearly 64% of the articles were of high quality [18][19][20][21][25][26][27] (67% of the case-control studies [18][19][20][21] and 60% of the cross-sectional [25][26][27]), while the remaining studies were of medium quality [22][23][24]28] (Table 1). Only in one study results were adjusted for potential confounders such as age, body mass index, or smoking status [27].…”

“…Among 11 studies included in the systematic review, four (three of high [21,25,27] and one of medium [24] quality) examined inflammatory biomarkers, and most of them assessed interleukins concentration (Table 4). In three independent studies, PMS cases had higher levels of interleukin IL-1β [21,24,27] and IL-8 [21,24,27] compared to controls; the IL-1β level was statistically significantly higher in urine in one high-quality study [21], and in two other studies, non-significantly higher serum concentrations were found [24,27].…”

“…Among other inflammatory markers, the most commonly studied were tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α, three papers [21,24,27]), interferon gamma (IFN-γ, two papers [24,27]) and high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP; two papers [25,27]). A significantly higher serum TNF-α was found in PMS cases than in controls in a medium-quality study by Azizieh et al [24], whereas the differences between groups were not statistically significant in the other two high-quality studies (including urine [21] and serum samples [27]).…”