Menthol application on healthy and inflamed goat udders changes antimicrobial components in milk

Abstract

Mammary glands with mastitis are usually treated with antibiotics in combination with anti‐inflammatory drug application on the udder skin. Menthol is an anti‐inflammatory drug. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of surface application of menthol on goat udders on the production of antimicrobial components in milk. Goats (5 Shiba and 11 Tokara goats) were subjected to menthol application to the udder under both healthy and inflammatory conditions. An intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharides was carried out to induce inflammatory conditions in the udder. Milk samples were collected to determine somatic cell count (SCC) and sodium ion (Na+), antimicrobial component and cytokine concentrations. In healthy udders, menthol application increased the concentration of antimicrobial components (S100A7 and S100A8), but not in the control. In the inflamed udder, antimicrobial component (lactoferrin, S100A7, and S100A8) and inflammatory cytokine (IL‐1β) concentrations were higher in the menthol group than in the control group. These results suggest that menthol application on udders augments the antimicrobial component concentration in the mammary gland under both healthy and inflammatory conditions.

DFT Studies of the Activity and Reactivity of Limonene in Comparison with Selected Monoterpenes

“…These natural compounds, similar to limonene, are obtained from plants [65][66][67] and are monoterpenes known for their unique aromatic, therapeutic properties [65,[67][68][69]. In turn, due to structural similarity, thymol is often discussed with menthol [70][71][72], a monoterpene resembling hydrogenated thymol, found, e.g., in mint [73], which also has numerous applications [74][75][76]. Interestingly, menthol can be formed from limonene through enzymatic reactions during the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway in peppermint [77].…”