Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Veterinary Regenerative Therapy: Basic Physiology and Clinical Applications

Abstract

Background: The consistent, self-renewal capability and wide-ranging differentiation potential during specific physiologic conditions mark stem cells as a novel candidate not only for biomedical research and regenerative therapy but also as an alternative source in research related to life sciences. This vital and distinct characteristic of stem cells, enable them to offer unprecedented hope in treating many diseases and disorders, which are otherwise difficult to treat. Several efforts are still being undertaken to enhance the efficiency of MSCs for better therapeutic applications. Objective: In recent past several studies have been conducted regarding isolation of stem cells from diverse sources and are being used clinically in veterinary regenerative therapy. But till date only a few systemic studies are available. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the findings from basic and applied research conducted in stem cell therapeutics with particular emphasis on animals. Result: On the basis of their sources, stem cells can be classified as adult or embryonic stem (ES) cells. Physiologically, the ES cells have capability to differentiate into all body cells and develop into normal adult organism; whereas, adult stem cells serve as repair system by restoring damaged tissues of the body. The adult stem cells referred as Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from various adult body organs whereas embryos give rise to embryonic stem cells. MSCs, passes unique property of proliferation, trans-differentiation and secretion of important biomolecules to create microenvironment; which is immunosuppressive and stimulate native MSCs of damaged tissue. MSCs being immunocompromised cells can be used in autologous as well as in allogenic mode. Conclusion: In Veterinary therapeutics, MSCs equipped with engineering and pharmaceutical modifications offer a potentially candidate in the treatment of wound healing, nerve injury, bone/ligament injury etc. and also bear a great hope in improvement of udder health and milk production in animals.

Allogenic Synovia-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Equine Tendinopathies and Desmopathies—Proof of Concept

“…Recently, tissue engineering approaches have attracted attention for tissue repair. Among the approaches, the use of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has increased, since it is a promising approach for tissue repair and regeneration including tendinopathy and desmitis [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

“…Recent studies have suggested that MSCs can self-renew, migrate to injury sites (homing), perform multilineage differentiation, and secrete bioactive factors, thus, increasing proliferation and migration of tendon stem/progenitor cells via paracrine signaling and increasing the regeneration ability of tissues with poor aptitude [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Exploring the therapeutic potential of allogeneic amniotic membrane for quality wound healing in rabbit model

“…Stem cell therapies for wound healing have depended on adult MSCs 3,4 . The therapeutic effects of MSCs are attributed to their biological properties, such as immunomodulatory ability, anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and many more 5 . Bone marrow is a common source for MSCs, but the drawback is its invasive and painful collection procedure and the significantly lower proportion of MSCs obtained.…”

In vitro aging alters the gene expression and secretome composition of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

“…Based on most recent studies, the prospect of cellular regeneration is found in the paracrine activity of cAD-MSCs, called secretome ( 10–12 ). The secretome encompasses soluble factors, including cytokines, growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, and non-soluble factors, known as extracellular vesicles containing proteins, lipids and RNAs ( 12 ).…”

“…From the current point of view, cAD-MSCs secretome provides several advantages over cAD-MSCs cell therapy, such as a lower risk of thrombosis and tumor formation and easier manufacturing, handling, and storage. Furthermore, secretome could be mass-produced under controlled conditions, tailored for therapeutic effects, and stored for immediate use in acute conditions without the need for a donor or time-consuming cell expansion ( 10 , 12 , 13 ).…”