Mesoporous Calcium-Silicate Nanoparticles Loaded with Low-Dose Triton-100+Ag+ to Achieve Both Enhanced Antibacterial Properties and Low Cytotoxicity for Dentin Disinfection of Human Teeth

Abstract

Mesoporous calcium-silicate nanoparticles (MCSNs) are excellent biomaterials for controlled drug delivery and mineralization induction. In this study, MCSNs were loaded with low-dose silver ion (Ag+) and Triton X-100 (TX-100) as the M-AgTX to achieve both enhanced antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity for dentin disinfection. The physicochemical property, biocompatibility, infiltration ability into dentinal tubules, anti-bacterial ability against both planktonic Enterococcusfaecalis (E. faecalis) and its biofilm on dentin, effects on dentin microhardness and in vitro mineralization property were systematically investigated. Results confirmed that the MCSNs and M-AgTX nanoparticles showed typical morphology of mesoporous materials and exhibited sustained release of chemicals with an alkaline pH value over time. M-AgTX also exhibited excellent biocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 cells and could eliminate 100% planktonic E. faecalis after 48-h treatment. On dentin slices, it could enter dentinal tubules by ultrasonic activation and inhibit the growth of E. faecalis on dentin. M-AgTX could completely inactive 28-day E. faecalis biofilm. TEM confirmed the destruction of cell membrane integrity and Ag+ infiltration into bacteria by M-AgTX. Besides, dentin slices medicated with M-AgTX nanoparticles displayed an increased microhardness. After being immersed in SBF for 7 days, apatite crystals could be observed on the surface of the material tablets. M-AgTX could be developed into a new multifunctional intra-canal medication or bone defect filling material for infected bone defects due to its sustained release profile, low cytotoxicity, infiltration ability, enhanced anti-bacterial and mineralization features.

Silver Nanoparticles as an Intracanal Medicament: A Scoping Review

“…Some studies utilized mesoporous calcium-silicate NPs loaded with low-dose Ag ions, and Triton X-100 was used for the controlled delivery of AgNPs (M-AgTx). These particles inactivated a 28-day E. faecalis biofilm [ 33 ]. Likewise, M-AgTx showed excellent antibacterial ability against E. faecalis and high substantivity on dentin [ 34 ].…”

“…About 16 studies evaluated the antibacterial efcacy of AgNPs as an intracanal medicament [1,3,4,9,10,19,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Two studies analyzed the crown discoloration caused by AgNPs [20,36], three reported the methods of their synthesis [12,31,32], and three reported recent advances in AgNPs as intracanal medicaments [33][34][35].…”

“…However, recent advances in AgNPs, like M-AgTx, may overcome these bacterial resistance mechanisms by coreleasing Ag + and TX-100, which eliminate bacteria in a concentration- and time-dependent manner [ 33 ]. TX-100 increased the cell permeability and promoted the penetration of M-AgTx into the bacterial cell leading to cell perforation and breakdown.…”

“…Databases such as Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE (PubMed) were searched according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines to identify research publications on the application of AgNPs as intracanal medicaments. Te keywords applied during the initial search were "silver" AND "nanoparticles" AND "intracanal" AND "medicament," resulting in 53 articles, of which the titles and abstracts of 32 articles were read, leading to 24 articles that were included in the review [1,3,4,9,10,12,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] (Figure 1).…”

An Acid-Responsive Iron-Based Nanocomposite for OSCC Treatment

“…It is worth noting that existing studies primarily use PBNPs with 100- to 200-nm sizes for tumor treatment, but the smaller nanoscale PBNPs may exhibit superior enzyme activity and therapeutic potential. Mesoporous calcium–silicate nanoparticles (MCSNs) represent novel biocarriers with exceptional capabilities for carrying and continuously releasing various metal ions and chemical drugs (Leng et al 2020; Duan et al 2021). If PBNPs are incorporated into this carrier, it can prevent the oxidation of iron ions, enhance drug stability, improve drug bioavailability, and enhance treatment safety.…”