Meta‐Analysis for Correlating Structure of Bioactive Peptides in Foods of Animal Origin with Regard to Effect and Stability

Abstract

Amino acid (AA) sequences of 807 bioactive peptides from foods of animal origin were examined in order to correlate peptide structure with activity (antihypertensive, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, and opioid) and stability in vivo. Food sources, such as milk, meat, eggs, and marine products, show different frequencies of bioactive peptides exhibiting specific effects. There is a correlation of peptide structure and effect, depending on type and position of AA. Opioid peptides contain a high percentage of aromatic AA residues, while antimicrobial peptides show an excess of positively charged AAs. AA residue position is significant, with those in the first and penultimate positions having the biggest effects on peptide activity. Peptides that have activity in vivo contain a high percentage (67%) of proline residues, but the positions of proline in the sequence depend on the length of the peptide. We also discuss the influence of processing on activity of these peptides, as well as methods for predicting release from the source protein and activity of peptides.

Potential anti-inflammatory and lipase inhibitory peptides generated by in vitro gastrointestinal hydrolysis of heat treated millet grains

“…Such intermolecular bonding can modulate digestibility, absorption of bioactive peptides or nutrient composition, and the color and aroma constituents of food (Qi et al, 2019;Wada & Lönnerdal, 2014). Moreover, other reactions enhanced by heat treatment of food, such as the Millard reaction, may exert a physiological effect on the bioactive peptide activity (Maestri, Pavlicevic, Montorsi, & Marmiroli, 2018).…”

Marine Bioactive Peptides—An Overview of Generation, Structure and Application with a Focus on Food Sources

“…ACE inhibitors act as inhibitors for ACE, resulting in decrease of blood pressure. Antioxidative peptides help prevent or reduce damage caused by free radicals, using different mechanisms [30] (Table S2). Antimicrobial peptides prevent growth and reproduction of microorganisms.…”

“…Antimicrobial peptides prevent growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Immunomodulatory peptides help boost adaptive immune response, and are the most heterogenous group in terms of mechanisms employed [30]. Antithrombotic peptides help prevent platelet aggregation, thus decreasing the risk of diseases like stroke, arterial sclerosis, etc.…”

“…As with the peptides of non-marine animal origin [30], the percentages of bioactive marine peptides isolated from different organisms vary depending on their effect (Figure 3). Over-representation of ACE inhibitors and antioxidative peptides in the literature can be partly explained by economic incentives driving research on drugs [87,88] to fight the rise of cardiovascular and antioxidant diseases [89,90].…”

“…Often peptides can be multifunctional, exhibiting more than one effect [91][92][93][94]. There are three important reasons for such occurrence: the peptides might act like signaling molecules at a systemic level [95], or there might be connections between metabolic pathways [93,94,[96][97][98][99], or peptides may utilize more than one mode of action [30,100]. For peptides of certain bioactivity, such as antioxidative or antithrombotic peptides, the mode of action is well-known and relatively simple [30,56,101,102] (Table S2).…”