Metabolic clues regarding the enhanced performance of elite endurance athletes from orchiectomy-induced hormonal changes

Atwood, Craig S.; Bowen, Richard L.

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.08.037

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Second, studies suggest intense endurance exercise can result in the secretion of abnormal levels of reproductive hormones (Atwood and Bowen,2007; Bullen et al,1984; Chicharro et al,2001; De Cree,1998; Hackney,1996, 2001; Manning et al,2007; Verbalis,2007; Viru et al,2007; Williams et al,2001). Hormonal change has been documented in female athletes across a variety of sports, including endurance running, cycling, gymnastics, and ballet (Atwood and Bowen,2007; Bullen et al,1984; Chicharro et al,2001; Hackney,1996; Williams et al,2001). Endurance exercise in females has been reported to result in frequent menstrual dysfunction such as oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: An evolutionary perspective

Turner

2011

American J Hum Biol

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These results support the idea that possible elevations in serum estrogen levels by an adult exposure to a high-fat diet would increase breast cancer risk. Furthermore, menopausal status was observed to affect women's risk of breast cancer. Higher risks of breast cancer were found in post-menopausal women consuming diets high in total fat and polyunsaturated fats. Conversely, dietary fat appears to have preventative effects in pre-menopausal women. This study takes a transformative approach combining epidemiological, biomedical, and evolutionary theory to evaluate how biocultural variations in risk factors (i.e., diet and reproduction) affect the evolution of breast cancers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: An evolutionary perspective

Turner

2011

American J Hum Biol

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“…Compensatory growth has also been observed in the remaining mammary gland of goats after hemi-mastectomy ( 169 ) . It is suggested that similar compensation can occur in other reproductive organs such as the testes and, interestingly, this may explain the significant increase in Lance Armstrong's performance in the Tour de France after orchiectomy ( 170 ) (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Milk Compositionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Permanent changes in serum hormone levels are reported to occur after orchiectomy that result in increased gonadotropins (including the lactogenic hormone prolactin) in an effort to maintain testosterone levels. Increased ratios of luteinising hormone, folliclestimulating hormone and prolactin to testosterone could improve fuel metabolism, resulting in increased efficiency, delayed fatigue, enhanced recovery and subsequently increased performance in multi-stage races such as the Tour de France (170) Excerpts from Cadogan's 'An essay upon nursing, and the management of children, from their birth to three years of age' (53) .…”

Section: Suckling Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of lactation: nutritionv.protection with special reference to five mammalian species

2008

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The evolutionary origin of the mammary gland has been difficult to establish because little knowledge can be gained on the origin of soft tissue organs from fossil evidence. One approach to resolve the origin of lactation has compared the anatomy of existing primitive mammals to skin glands, whilst another has examined the metabolic and molecular synergy between mammary gland development and the innate immune system. We have reviewed the physiology of lactation in five mammalian species with special reference to these theories. In all species, milk fulfils dual functions of providing protection and nutrition to the young and, furthermore, within species the quality and quantity of milk are highly conserved despite maternal malnutrition or illness. There are vast differences in birth weight, milk production, feeding frequency, macronutrient concentration, growth rate and length of lactation between rabbits, quokkas (Setonix brachyurus), pigs, cattle and humans. The components that protect the neonate against infection do so without causing inflammation. Many protective components are not unique to the mammary gland and are shared with the innate immune system. In contrast, many of the macronutrients in milk are unique to the mammary gland, have evolved from components of the innate immune system, and have either retained or developed multiple functions including the provision of nourishment and protection of the hatchling/neonate. Thus, there is a strong argument to suggest that the mammary gland evolved from the inflammatory response; however, the extensive protection that has developed in milk to actively avoid triggering inflammation seems to be a contradiction.

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“…In my recent letter to the editor (1) , some references were misplaced. Reference (3) should be (4) and references (4)(5)(6) should be (5)(6)(7) .…”

Section: Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Letters to the Editor

Mathur

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Metabolic clues regarding the enhanced performance of elite endurance athletes from orchiectomy-induced hormonal changes

Cited by 11 publications

References 91 publications

A meta‐analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: An evolutionary perspective

A meta‐analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: An evolutionary perspective

Evolution of lactation: nutritionv.protection with special reference to five mammalian species

Letters to the Editor

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