Metabolic Factors at the Crossroads of Periparturient Immunity and Inflammation

Abuelo, Ãngel; Mann, Sabine; Contreras, G. Andres

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.012

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…is accompanied by a high incidence of "production diseases", as evidenced by the myriad publications about these problems, which cannot be addressed in detail. The interested reader will find further information about the metabolic adaptation and changes of hormones in [36,62,63], about interactions between NEB and reproduction in [64], about inflammation in [65,66] and immunosuppression in [67,68], about oxidative and endoplasmic stress in [69], about damage to mitochondrial functions of the liver in [70], about "production diseases" in [5], and about lipidosis in [52,53].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Martens

2023

Animals

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The continued increase in milk production during the last century has not been accompanied by an adequate dry matter intake (DMI) by cows, which therefore experience a negative energy balance (NEB). NEB is low and of minor importance at low milk yield (MY), such as for the nutrition of one calf, and under these circumstances is considered “natural”. MY and low DMI around parturition are correlated and are the reason for the genetic correlation between increasing MY and increasing NEB up to 2000 MJ or more for 2–3 months postpartum in high-genetic-merit dairy cows. The extension and duration of NEB in high-producing cows cannot be judged as “natural” and are compensated by the mobilization of nutrients, particularly of fat. The released non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) overwhelm the metabolic capacity of the cow and lead to the ectopic deposition of NEFAs as triglycerides (TGs) in the liver. The subsequent lipidosis and the concomitant hampered liver functions cause subclinical and clinical ketosis, both of which are associated with “production diseases”, including oxidative and endoplasmatic stress, inflammation and immunosuppression. These metabolic alterations are regulated by homeorhesis, with the priority of the physiological function of milk production. The prioritization of one function, namely, milk yield, possibly results in restrictions in other physiological (health) functions under conditions of limited resources (NEB). The hormonal framework for this metabolic environment is the high concentration of growth hormone (GH), the low concentration of insulin in connection with GH-dependent insulin resistance and the low concentration of IGF-1, the so-called GH-IGF-1 axis. The fine tuning of the GH-IGF-1 axis is uncoupled because the expression of the growth hormone receptor (GHR-1A) in the liver is reduced with increasing MY. The uncoupled GH-IGF-1 axis is a serious impairment for the GH-dependent stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver with continued increased lipolysis in fat tissue. It facilitates the pathogenesis of lipidosis with ketosis and, secondarily, “production diseases”. Unfortunately, MY is still increasing at inadequate DMI with increasing NEB and elevated NEFA and beta–hydroxybutyric acid concentrations under conditions of low glucose, thereby adding health risks. The high incidences of diseases and of early culling and mortality in dairy cows are well documented and cause severe economic problems with a waste of resources and a challenge to the environment. Moreover, the growing public concerns about such production conditions in agriculture can no longer be ignored.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Martens

2023

Animals

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“…Local inflammation of the reproductive tract, induced by calving in combination with increased metabolism and mobilization of body tissues, has been associated with systemic inflammation (Medzhitov 2008;. At the same time, the function of the immune system is reduced during the weeks around calving (Goff & Horst, 1997;Abuelo et al 2023). For the most part, these changes are physiological and necessary, and most cows adapt.…”

Section: The Transition Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended voluntary waiting period before first insemination in primiparous dairy cows : effects on milk production, fertility, and health

Edvardsson Rasmussen

2023

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae

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Extension of the voluntary waiting period (VWP) before first insemination after calving, could decrease the frequency of demanding transition periods both at cow and herd level. In the initial study of this thesis, the cows were randomized to an extended (155-205 d) or conventional (35-85 d) VWP and assessed during their first and second lactation. In a later study on customized extended VWP, cows expected to be suited for extended VWP were selected based on high genomic persistency index, calving difficulties or disease in early lactation, and high early lactation yield, and then randomly allocated to extended (≥185) or conventional (≤90) VWP. For cows with randomized extended compared with conventional VWP, milk yield per day in the calving interval was maintained during the first lactation and higher during the second lactation, milk yield before dry-off was lower and reproductive performance was improved. Cows with customized extended VWP showed similar improvements compared with cows expected to be suited for an extended but receiving conventional VWP, but in contrast to the randomized study, the dry period was not longer for cows randomized to customized extended VWP. Extending the VWP had no effect on disease incidence and culling rate. Extended VWP for primiparous cows in high-yielding herds can thus make use of modern dairy cows’ great potential for milk production and fertility, thereby potentially increasing flexibility and resilience in dairy herds.

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Trace Mineral Metabolism

Saun

2023

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Metabolic Factors at the Crossroads of Periparturient Immunity and Inflammation

Cited by 6 publications

References 94 publications

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Invited Review: Increasing Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance: A Gordian Knot for Dairy Cows?

Extended voluntary waiting period before first insemination in primiparous dairy cows : effects on milk production, fertility, and health

Trace Mineral Metabolism

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