Metabolic Programming in the Immediate Postnatal Life

Patel, Mulchand S.; Srinivasan, Malathi

doi:10.1159/000328040

Cited by 80 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Traditionally, this approach served primarily to early detect growth faltering as a marker of the presence of infectious and other diseases, or of inadequate nutrition, which show particularly rapid adverse effects on growth in infancy and early childhood [1]. More recently, however, the impact of excessive growth on child health has been receiving increasing attention [2][3][4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Koletzko¹,

Beyer²,

Brands³

et al. 2013

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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Health and nutrition modulate postnatal growth. The availability of amino acids and energy, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulates early growth through the mTOR pathway. Amino acids and glucose also stimulate the secretion of IGF-I and insulin. Postnatal growth induces lasting, programming effects on later body size and adiposity in animals and in human observational studies. Rapid weight gain in infancy and the first 2 years was shown to predict increased obesity risk in childhood and adulthood. Breastfeeding leads to lesser high weight gain in infancy and reduces obesity risk in later life by about 20%, presumably partly due to the lower protein supply with human milk than conventional infant formula. In a large randomized clinical trial, we tested the hypothesis that reduced infant formula protein contents lower insulin-releasing amino acid concentrations and thereby decrease circulating insulin and IGF-I levels, resulting in lesser early weight gain and reduced later obesity risk (the 'Early Protein Hypothesis'). The results demonstrate that lowered protein in infant formula induces similar -but not equal -metabolic and endocrine responses and normalizes weight and BMI relative to breastfed controls at the age of 2 years. The results available should lead to enhanced efforts to actively promote, protect and support breastfeeding. For infants that are not breastfed or not fully breastfed, the use of infant formulas with lower protein contents but high protein quality appears preferable. Cows' milk as a drink provides high protein intake and should be avoided in infancy.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Koletzko¹,

Beyer²,

Brands³

et al. 2013

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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“…The reduced-litter rat is a suitable model to investigate the general physiological and metabolic disorders triggered by lactational overfeeding. Changes in glucose homeostasis, or systemic glucose turnover, are frequently reported in the reduced-litter rat [18,26]. This work aimed at investigating whether the liver glucose metabolism could have a role in any change of glucose homeostasis that might be present in the reduced-litter rat at the age of 60 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rat Hepatocyte Glucose Metabolism Is Affected by Caloric Restriction but not by Litter Size Reduction 409 lactation) as a manner of programming the central controls of food intake and energy balance, resulting in the obese phenotype of the adult animal [2,[15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: David Publishingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rat Hepatocyte Glucose Metabolism Is Affected by Caloric Restriction but not by Litter Size Reduction

Branquinho¹,

Cruz²,

Silvério³

et al. 2017

JPP

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Abstract:This work aimed at investigating whether the liver glucose metabolism could have a role in any change of glucose homeostasis that might exist in the reduced-litter rat at the age of 60 days. Additionally, post-weaning caloric restriction and its hepatic effects were explored, as this intervention is reported as a useful measure against obesity and its related disturbances. The animals were raised in litters of nine (control, CG) or three pups during lactation. These small-litter pups were FG (fed freely) or subjected to 30% RG (caloric restriction) after weaning until 60 days of age. The increased adiposity induced by lactational overfeeding was not reversed by caloric restriction. Hepatocyte glucose metabolism and glucose tolerance test were not affected by litter size, but caloric restriction increased liver basal glucose release, diminished gluconeogenesis and retarded the glycemic decay during the insulin tolerance test. Liver glucose metabolism of young adult rats was not affected by lactational overfeeding. Up to this age, however, moderate caloric restriction had a potent influence that might compromise whole-body glucose homeostasis and prompt to insulin resistance.

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“…Experimental interventions on the mothers are often reflected on their litters, but the specific transgenerational outcome depends on the intervention (e.g., physical activity protocol, food manipulation, etc.) and the parameter under assessment (7,21,26,37,38,47). It should be noted that treadmill walking in the pregnant dams from CE and SE was interrupted only during the third week of gestation and first week of lactation, so that exercise was present during critical periods of the pre-and post-natal development of the offspring (7,45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nutritional experiences at early life lead to the changes of growth and metabolism in later stages. The research demonstrates that the development of adipose cellularity at this early stage can determine the body composition of the adult and thus the appearance and aggravation of obesity-related diseases (6,14,23,35,37,38,42,45).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Treadmill walking differently affects body composition and metabolic parameters of female rats from normal or small litters

et al. 2016

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This work assessed whether walking affects bodily development and metabolic parameters of female rats raised in small litters (three pups, group S) or control litters (nine pups, group C). After weaning, some of the rats had five sessions per week of a 30-min treadmill walking (CE and SE), while the others remained sedentary (CS and SS) until the age of 120 days. Exercise caused a reduction of body weight (CS/CE = 1.18), Lee index (CS/CE = 1.04), fasting blood glucose (CS/CE = 1.35), mesenteric (CS/CE = 1.23), and ovarian fat (CS/CE = 1.33) in CE, but only glucose was decreased in SE (SS/SE = 1.16). The diameter of adipocytes decreased to a half in the small-litter groups. Exercise increased subcutaneous (CS/CE = 0.88 and SS/SE = 0.71), but decreased retroperitoneal adipocytes (CS/ CE = 1.2 and SS/SE = 1.3). Litter size reduction had little impact on females at the age of 120 days, but the light physical activity seemed insufficient to counteract all the effects of lactational overfeeding. On the other hand, pups from exercised mothers had a decrease in their biometric and glycemic indexes, demonstrating the transgenerational action of regular, although light, exercise.

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Metabolic Programming in the Immediate Postnatal Life

Cited by 80 publications

References 135 publications

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Rat Hepatocyte Glucose Metabolism Is Affected by Caloric Restriction but not by Litter Size Reduction

Treadmill walking differently affects body composition and metabolic parameters of female rats from normal or small litters

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