Metabolic reprogramming as a feast for virus replication

Polcicova, Katarina; Baďurová, Lucia; Tomaskova, Jana

doi:10.4149/av_2020_210

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(188 reference statements)

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“…The catabolic effect of cytokines alter the metabolic pathways in the muscle, liver and adipose tissue, and contribute to protein caloric malnutrition [30]. The glycolysis pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid metabolism, are crucial for cell proliferation and viral replication and are modulate by virus reprogramming of host cells [34] or "cytokine storm".…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status in post SARS-Cov2 rehabilitation patients

et al. 2022

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Background & aims: After prolonged hospitalization, the assessment of nutritional status and the identification of adequate nutritional support is of paramount importance. In this observational study, we aimed at assessing the presence of a malnutrition condition in SARS-Cov2 patients after the acute phase and the effects of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program on nutritional and functional status. Methods: We recruited 48 patients (26 males/22 females) admitted to our Rehabilitation Unit after discharge from acute Covid Hospitals in northern Italy with negative swab for SARS-Cov2. We used the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria to identify patients with different degrees of malnutrition. Patients underwent a 3 to 4-week individual multidisciplinary rehabilitation program consisting of nutritional intervention (energy intake 27to30 kcal/die/kg and protein intake 1e1.3 g/die/ kg), exercise for total body conditioning and progressive aerobic exercise with cycle-and arm-ergometer (45 min, 5 days/week). At admission and discharge from our Rehabilitation Unit, body composition and phase angle (PhA) (BIA101 Akern), muscle strength (handgrip, HG) and physical performance (Timed-Upand-Go, TUG) were assessed. Results: At admission in all patients the mean weight loss, as compared to the habitual weight, was À12.1 (7.6)%, mean BMI was 25.9 (7.9) kg/m 2 , mean Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index (ASMI) was 6.6 (1.7) kg/ m 2 for males and 5.4 (1.4) kg/m 2 for females, mean phase angle was 2.9 (0.9) , mean muscle strength (HG) was 21.1 (7.8) kg for males and 16.4 (5.9) kg for females, mean TUG value was 23.7 (19.2) s. Based on GLIM criteria 29 patients (60% of the total) showed a malnutrition condition. 7 out of those 29 patients (24%) presented a mild/moderate grade and 22 patients (76%) a severe grade. After a rehabilitation program of an average duration of 25 days (range 13e46) ASMI increased, with statistically significant differences only in females (p ¼ 0.001) and HG improved only in males (p ¼ 0.0014). In all of the patients, body weight did not change, CRP/albumin (p < 0.05) and TUG (p < 0.001) were reduced and PhA increased (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We diagnosed a malnutrition condition in 60% of our post SARS-Cov2 patients. An individualized nutritional intervention with adequate energy and protein intake combined with tailored aerobic and strengthening exercise improved nutritional and functional status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status in post SARS-Cov2 rehabilitation patients

et al. 2022

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Section: Hallmarks Of Metabolic Reprogrammingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metabolic reprogramming is an integral part of both cancer and viral infections, not only to provide the materials for the large-scale biosynthesis for rapid replication and survival but also to provide energy for these processes [ 9 , 10 ]. We classified changes in cellular metabolism that contribute to metabolic reprogramming in six main hallmarks: (1) increased glycolysis and lactic acid, (2) increased pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), (3) increased glutaminolysis, (4) mitochondrial changes, (5) increased lipid metabolism, (6) changes in amino acid metabolism, and (7) changes in other biosynthetic and bioenergetic pathways ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Hallmarks Of Metabolic Reprogrammingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallmarks of Metabolic Reprogramming and Their Role in Viral Pathogenesis

Allen

Arjona

Santerre

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and has proven to be critical in viral infections. Metabolic reprogramming provides the cell with energy and biomass for large-scale biosynthesis. Based on studies of the cellular changes that contribute to metabolic reprogramming, seven main hallmarks can be identified: (1) increased glycolysis and lactic acid, (2) increased glutaminolysis, (3) increased pentose phosphate pathway, (4) mitochondrial changes, (5) increased lipid metabolism, (6) changes in amino acid metabolism, and (7) changes in other biosynthetic and bioenergetic pathways. Viruses depend on metabolic reprogramming to increase biomass to fuel viral genome replication and production of new virions. Viruses take advantage of the non-metabolic effects of metabolic reprogramming, creating an anti-apoptotic environment and evading the immune system. Other non-metabolic effects can negatively affect cellular function. Understanding the role metabolic reprogramming plays in viral pathogenesis may provide better therapeutic targets for antivirals.

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“…Anaerobic glycolysis favors viral replication. The viruses divert the glycolytic carbon for biosynthetic means, and increase glutamine utilization for virus-specific purposes [ 82 ]. The glycolytic metabolism also favors macrophage polarization from the anti-inflammatory type M2 to the proinflammatory type M1.…”

Section: Roles Of Mitochondria In Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Host Defense System and Rescuing Compromised Mitochondria to Increase Tolerance against Pathogens by Melatonin May Impact Outcome of Deadly Virus Infection Pertinent to COVID-19

Tan¹,

Hardeland

2020

Molecules

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Fighting infectious diseases, particularly viral infections, is a demanding task for human health. Targeting the pathogens or targeting the host are different strategies, but with an identical purpose, i.e., to curb the pathogen’s spreading and cure the illness. It appears that targeting a host to increase tolerance against pathogens can be of substantial advantage and is a strategy used in evolution. Practically, it has a broader protective spectrum than that of only targeting the specific pathogens, which differ in terms of susceptibility. Methods for host targeting applied in one pandemic can even be effective for upcoming pandemics with different pathogens. This is even more urgent if we consider the possible concomitance of two respiratory diseases with potential multi-organ afflictions such as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and seasonal flu. Melatonin is a molecule that can enhance the host’s tolerance against pathogen invasions. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities, melatonin has the capacity to reduce the severity and mortality of deadly virus infections including COVID-19. Melatonin is synthesized and functions in mitochondria, which play a critical role in viral infections. Not surprisingly, melatonin synthesis can become a target of viral strategies that manipulate the mitochondrial status. For example, a viral infection can switch energy metabolism from respiration to widely anaerobic glycolysis even if plenty of oxygen is available (the Warburg effect) when the host cell cannot generate acetyl-coenzyme A, a metabolite required for melatonin biosynthesis. Under some conditions, including aging, gender, predisposed health conditions, already compromised mitochondria, when exposed to further viral challenges, lose their capacity for producing sufficient amounts of melatonin. This leads to a reduced support of mitochondrial functions and makes these individuals more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial function by melatonin supplementation can be expected to generate beneficial effects on the outcome of viral infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19.

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Metabolic reprogramming as a feast for virus replication

Abstract: Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, do not have their own metabolism and thus are completely dependent on the metabolic machinery of the host cell. They require biosynthetic building blocks for generation of viral prog

Cited by 31 publications

References 117 publications

Nutritional status in post SARS-Cov2 rehabilitation patients

Nutritional status in post SARS-Cov2 rehabilitation patients

Hallmarks of Metabolic Reprogramming and Their Role in Viral Pathogenesis

Targeting Host Defense System and Rescuing Compromised Mitochondria to Increase Tolerance against Pathogens by Melatonin May Impact Outcome of Deadly Virus Infection Pertinent to COVID-19

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