Metabolic responses to drafting during front crawl swimming

Bassett, David R.; Flohr, Judith A.; Duey, W. J.; Howley, Edward T.; Pein, Richard L.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199106000-00015

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The factors studied were anthropometric factors such as projected frontal area (Bilodeau et al 1994(Bilodeau et al , 1995, body mass (Rundell 1996), the number of leaders, group or individuals (Kyle 1979b;McCole et al 1990) and the distance separating the draftee from the leader (Kyle 1979a(Kyle , 1979bOlds 1998;Olds et al 1995;Pugh 1971;Spring et al 1988;Van Ingen Schenau 1982). In swimming, only two studies have investigated the eect of drafting (Bassett et al 1991;Chatard et al 1998). The factors aecting the metabolic response of the draftee are their velocity and body fat content (Chatard et al 1998).…”

Section: Kick Rhythms and Metabolic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…swimming directly behind another swimmer, is mainly used in triathlon or open-water races. Drafting allows the swimmer to devote more energy to propulsion and gain time when swimming at maximum speed (Chatard et al 1998) or to save energy for the cycling and running events that follow (Bassett et al 1991;Kreider et al 1988;Sleivert and Rowlands 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In submaximal conditions, at 95% of a maximum speed over a 549-m swim, Bassett et al (1991) showed that drafting aects the metabolic response to swimming. It reduces oxygen consumption by 10%, blood lactate concentration by 31% and the rate of perceived exertion by 21%, but it does not aect the distance per stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of drafting behind a two- or a six-beat kick swimmer in elite female triathletes

Millet¹,

Chollet²,

Chatard³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The metabolic and drag responses, together with the distance between the draftee and the leader, were studied in six female triathletes swimming behind a lead swimmer who used either a two- or a six-beat kick, at an average velocity of 1.24 m x s(-1) (range 1.20-1.31). Drag was measured by passive towing. Oxygen consumption [49.1 (3.8) versus 50.4 (5.0) ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)], blood lactate [6.7 (2.3) versus 6.8 (1.9) mM], heart rate [172 (13.6) versus 173.5 (12.5) beats x min(-1)), rating of perceived exertion [13.7 (1.2) versus 13.5 (1.0)], stroke rate [38.3 (1.5) versus 39.5 (1.4) cycle x min(-1)], stroke length [1.95 (0.09) versus 1.89 (0.15) m x cycle(-1)] were not statistically different between the two-beat and the six-beat kick situations. The energy cost of swimming per unit of distance [0.65 (0.06) versus 0.67 (0.08) ml O2 x m(-1)] and the passive drag were similar for both kicks. The distance separating the draftee from the lead swimmer was between 14 cm and 85 cm and was inversely correlated with passive drag: r=-0.82, P < 0.05, for the two-beat kick and r=-0.82, P < 0.05, for the six-beat kick. The higher the passive drag, the closer the hand of the draftee to the feet of the lead swimmer. It was of no more benefit to triathletes to draft behind a two-beat kick swimmer than behind a six-beat kick swimmer.

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Section: Kick Rhythms and Metabolic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of drafting behind a two- or a six-beat kick swimmer in elite female triathletes

Millet¹,

Chollet²,

Chatard³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Indeed, triathletes attempt to swim as fast as possible to stay in the leading group. In drafting swimming, it has been demonstrated that the metabolic demand is modi®ed (Basset et al 1991), as in cycling (McCole et al 1990;Olds et al 1995), cross-country skiing (Bilodeau et al 1994(Bilodeau et al , 1995, kayaking (Gray et al 1995) or speedskating (Rundell 1996). In addition, it has been shown to improve the subsequent running performance when used during the cycling part of a triathlon (Hausswirth et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of drafting on stroking variations during swimming in elite male triathletes

Chollet¹,

Hue

Auclair³

et al. 2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of drafting behind another swimmer on the metabolic response and stroke characteristics. Six highly trained male triathletes performed two maximal 400-m swims, one in a drafting (D) and one in a non-drafting condition (ND). Their metabolic response was assessed by measuring the oxygen uptake (VO2) and the blood lactate concentration at the end of each 400 m. Swimming velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, and stroke index (velocity multiplied by stroke length) were recorded every 50 m. In the D and ND conditions, there was no difference in VO2 [66.7 (1.7) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) vs 65.6 (1.2) ml x kg(-1) min(-1) respectively], however, the lactate concentrations were lower in D than in ND [9.6 (0.9) mM vs 10.8 (0.9) mM, respectively, P < 0.01]. In D, the performance [1.39 (0.02) m x s(-1) vs 1.34 (0.02) m x s(-1), respectively, P < 0.01] and the stroking parameters (i.e., stroke length and stroke index) increased significantly, while the stroke frequency remain unchanged. In D, a stable pace was maintained, while in ND, velocity decreased significantly throughout the 400 m. In D, the performance gains were related to the 400-m D velocity (r = 0.78, P < 0.05), and to the body fat mass (BFM, r = 0.99, P < 0.01). The stroke index in D was also related to BFM (r = 0.78, P < 0.05). Faster and leaner swimmers achieved greater performance gains and stroke index when drafting. Thus, drafting during swimming increases the performance and contributes to the maintenance of stable stroking parameters such as stroke frequency and stroke length during a 400-m swim.

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“…Furthermore, during swimming training, due to time and space issues, several swimmers train in the same lane, performing significant parts of total swimming volume "in roundabout" (Silva et al, 2008). Some experimental studies reported that the distance between swimmers significantly influences the energy cost of the swimmer submitted to the suction effect (Bassett et al, 1991;Hausswirth et al, 1999Hausswirth et al, , 2001Chatard and Wilson, 2003) and it helps proper technique maintenance when fatigue appears (Chollet et al, 2000). Hence, CFD analysis of the tandem effects on drag force represented an opportunity to help swimmers and coaches improving training sets and also improving performance.…”

Section: Tandem Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%