Metabolite to parent drug concentration ratios in hair for the differentiation of tramadol intake from external contamination and passive exposure

Madry, Milena M.; Rust, Kristina Y.; Guglielmello, Rosetta; Baumgartner, Markus R.; Kræmer, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.012

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Various analytical procedures have been reported in the literature to analyze TRAM and metabolites in the keratin matrix by GC-MS [14][15][16][17] and LC-MS [18][19][20][21][22]. Some authors present only the qualitative identification of TRAM in hair, without any quantitative data [19] and other authors quantify exclusively the parent drug TRAM [15,16,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ODMT/TRAM ratio ranged from 0.021 to 0.451. Madry et al [20] quantified hair levels of TRAM, ODMT and NDMT and also metabolite-to-parent drug ratios in 75 subjects taking TRAM; the found data were compared to those found in eight employees working in a TRAM production company in order to study the possibility of an external contamination as the reason for positive results during hair analysis. The subjects under TRAM therapy (dose and duration not reported) showed a NDMT/TRAM ratio in the range 0.01-0.97 (median 0.16) and an ODMT/TRAM ratio between 0.003 and 0.43 (median 0.11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tramadol chronic abuse: An evidence from hair analysis by LC tandem MS

Verri

Rustichelli

Palazzoli

et al. 2015

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tramadol chronic abuse: An evidence from hair analysis by LC tandem MS

Verri

Rustichelli

Palazzoli

et al. 2015

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

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“…The determination of metabolite to parent drug ratios was recommended for the discrimination between drug intake and external contamination of a hair sample [44] and has proved to be useful [45][46][47]. For this purpose, metabolite ratios have to be determined after controlled intake of drug in a scope where contamination can be excluded.…”

Section: Metabolite Ratios Of Mda To Mdma In Hair and Nail Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of drug incorporation into hair segments and nails by enantiomeric analysis following controlled single MDMA intakes

et al. 2015

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Incorporation rates of the enantiomers of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) into hair and nails were investigated after controlled administration. Fifteen subjects without MDMA use received two doses of 125 mg of MDMA. Hair, nail scrapings and nail clippings were collected 9-77 days after the last administration (median: 20 days).Hair samples were analyzed in segments of 1-to 2-cm length. After chiral derivatization with N-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-valinamide, MDMA and MDA diastereomers were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Highest concentrations in hair segments corresponded to the time of MDMA intake.

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“…Therefore, hair samples are usually decontaminated prior to further processing, although a general consensus on standard wash procedures is currently lacking [48]. Several strategies have been proposed to distinguish active ingestion of a substance from external contamination, such as determining specific metabolites in hair and calculating metabolite/precursor concentration ratios, which can be compared with established cut-off values [49,50]. In addition, while analysis of hair segments has been widely applied to detect changes in drug consumption over time or to allocate drug intake to a certain period, interpretation of segmental hair analysis may be challenged due to external contamination [51].…”

Section: Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping

2015

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Interindividual variability in the expression and function of drug metabolizing cytochrome P (CYP) 450 enzymes, determined by a combination of genetic, non-genetic and environmental parameters, is a major source of variable drug response. Phenotyping by administration of a selective enzyme substrate, followed by the determination of a specific phenotyping metric, is an appropriate approach to assess the in vivo activity of CYP450 enzymes, as it takes into account all influencing factors. A phenotyping protocol should be as simple and convenient as possible. Typically, phenotyping metrics are determined in traditional matrices, such as blood, plasma or urine. Several sampling strategies have been proposed as an alternative for these traditional sampling techniques.In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of available methods using dried blood spots, hair, oral fluid, exhaled breath and sweat for in vivo CYP450 phenotyping. We discuss the relation between phenotyping metrics measured in these samples and those in conventional matrices, along with the advantages and limitations of the alternative sampling techniques. Reliable phenotyping procedures for several clinically relevant CYP450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, are currently available for oral fluid, breath or dried blood spots, while additional studies are needed for other CYP450 isoforms, such as CYP3A4. The role of hair analysis for this purpose remains to be established. Being non-or minimally invasive, these sampling strategies provide convenient and patient-friendly alternatives for classical phenotyping procedures, which may contribute to the implementation of CYP450 phenotyping in clinical practice. 4 Key Points Phenotyping by administration of a selective probe drug, followed by determination of a specific phenotyping metric, allows to assess the in vivo enzyme activity of CYP450 enzymes, taking into account genetic, non-genetic and environmental influencing factors. In addition to classical sampling techniques, such as blood or urine collection, reliable phenotyping procedures for several clinically relevant CYP450 enzymes are currently available for oral fluid, breath and dried blood spots.

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Metabolite to parent drug concentration ratios in hair for the differentiation of tramadol intake from external contamination and passive exposure

Cited by 50 publications

References 19 publications

Tramadol chronic abuse: An evidence from hair analysis by LC tandem MS

Tramadol chronic abuse: An evidence from hair analysis by LC tandem MS

Evaluation of drug incorporation into hair segments and nails by enantiomeric analysis following controlled single MDMA intakes

Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping

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