Metabolomic Effects of the Dietary Inclusion of Hermetia illucens Larva Meal in Tilapia

Abstract

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal have been used as feed protein supplements in fish feed, but few researches have investigated the metabolomic effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal supplements. Therefore, the metabolic effects on Nile tilapia were investigated by replacing 5%, 10%, and 20% of the dietary soybean meal in the basal diet with Hermetia illucens larvae meal, respectively. This study shows that 20% H. illucens larvae meal feed could promote tilapia average daily gain of upto 5.03 ± 0.18 g (mean ± SEM). It was found that the tricarboxylic acid cycle efficiency was improved by activating the enzymes of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase, NAD-malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which then increased the output of ATP and NADH. Furthermore, amino acid and protein biosynthesis was boosted by enhanced glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. In particular, GSH increased with increased H. illucens larvae meal. Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis was stimulated by higher levels of fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Additionally, there was no significant change in lipase levels. Thus, the higher acetyl Co-A content was primarily involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism. Flavor substances, such as nonanal and 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, also accumulated with the addition of H. illucens larvae meal, which increased the umami taste and meat flavor. Additionally, the flavor of tilapia was improved owing to a decrease in trimethylamine content, which causes an earthy and fishy taste. This study uncovers a previously unknown metabolic effect of dietary H. illucens larvae meal on Nile tilapia.

A Review of the Ethnobotany, Biological Activity, and Phytochemistry of the Plants in the Gundelia Genus

“…The amount of oleic acid in G. tehranica seed oil was determined to be 248.4 1.3 mg/kg. The amount of linoleic acid in G. tehranica seed oil was determined to be 572.9±4.9 mg/kg [115] . Among other fatty acids in G. tehranica seed oil, caprylic acid (39.5±1.0 mg/kg) and stearic acid (19.0±1.0 mg/kg) have been reported previously [115,117] …”

“…The amount of linoleic acid in G. tehranica seed oil was determined to be 572.9 � 4.9 mg/kg. [115] Among other fatty acids in G. tehranica seed oil, caprylic acid (39.5 � 1.0 mg/kg) and stearic acid (19.0 � 1.0 mg/kg) have been reported previously. [115,117] Linoleic acid is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).…”

“…[115] Among other fatty acids in G. tehranica seed oil, caprylic acid (39.5 � 1.0 mg/kg) and stearic acid (19.0 � 1.0 mg/kg) have been reported previously. [115,117] Linoleic acid is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is a colorless liquid that is almost insoluble in water but soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents.…”

“…Based on the results of gas chromatography, the predominant fatty acids in G. tournefortii seed oil were oleic acid (27.99 %), linoleic acid (54.59 %), and palmitic acid (9.89 %) [109] . The amount of palmitic acid in G. tehranica seed oil was determined to be 97.2 6.1 mg/kg [115] using the American Oil Chemists′ Society method. Palmitic acid was found to be 18.6 % in an ethanolic extract of G. rosea seed in another study [116] .…”

“…Seed GC [109,125] n-Hexane Seed GC [115,124] Methanol Aerial parts GC-MS [106] Linoleic acid methyl ester Fatty acid Essential oil Seed GC-MS [124] Linolenic acid Fatty acid n-Hexane Flower bud GC [108] Hexane Aerial parts GC-MS [106] Methanol Aerial parts GC-MS [103] Diethyl ether…”