Metabolomics methods to analyze full spectrum of amino acids in different domains of bovine colostrum and mature milk

Changes in Bovine Colostrum Metabolites during Early Postpartum Period Revealed by 1H-NMR Metabolomics Approach

“…The high abundance of these metabolites is in agreement with previous works on the dynamics of amino acid profile in colostrum of dairy cattle (Csapó et al, 2012;Kráčmar et al, 2007;Li et al, 2020), goat (Kráčmar et al, 1999), camel (Kamal et al, 2007), as well as human (Zhang et al, 2013). From a nutritional viewpoint, threonine can promote the growth and development of infants and enhance immunity and the development of lymphocytes (Li et al, 2020). Isoleucine and valine are branched-chain essential amino acids that participate in up-regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and enhance muscle protein synthesis (Zhang et al, 2017).…”

“…Of these, five amino acids, i.e., threonine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, and histidine, were identified as biomarker metabolites accountable for the discrimination with the highest VIP scores and p<0.05 (Figure 3B). The high abundance of these metabolites is in agreement with previous works on the dynamics of amino acid profile in colostrum of dairy cattle (Csapó et al, 2012;Kráčmar et al, 2007;Li et al, 2020), goat (Kráčmar et al, 1999), camel (Kamal et al, 2007), as well as human (Zhang et al, 2013). From a nutritional viewpoint, threonine can promote the growth and development of infants and enhance immunity and the development of lymphocytes (Li et al, 2020).…”

“…Tyrosine is an essential precursor in the biosynthesis of various neurotransmitters. Histidine participates in the development of the infant nervous system (Li et al, 2020). The presence of amino acids in a high relative abundance could be associated with the high total protein content in day-1 samples as discussed earlier.…”

“…Different mass spectrometry (MS)-based, e.g., LC/MS, GC/MS, and CE/MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based analytical platforms have been extensively applied for comprehensive characterization of small molecular weight metabolites present in raw and commercial milk (Foroutan et al, 2019;Goldansaz et al, 2017;Scano et al, 2019) as well as cheese and yogurt products (Afshari et al, 2020;Settachaimongkon et al, 2017). Still, information regarding the metabolite profile of bovine colostrum and its changes prior to the transition to mature milk is limited (Goldansaz et al, 2017;Li et al, 2020;Qi et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2018). Indeed, to our best knowledge, a metabolomics approach has never been applied for the characterization of colostrum from cows raised in tropical countries.…”

“…Therefore, the trends increase or decrease of each metabolite measured could be suggested whether the compound is secreted by the milk epithelial secreting cells or either enter to the lumen by transportation from the bloodstream or possibly generated by other non-mammary gland cells. For example, the abundance of free amino acid levels in the fisrt day colostrum could be attributed to the facilitated diffusion through epithelial cells via amino acid transporters together with the higher levels of proteases, which generate free amino acids and peptides from milk protein hydrolysis, in early colostrum compared to transient milk (Li et al, 2020;McGrath et al, 2016).…”