Metal-nanostructures – a modern and powerful platform to create transparent electrodes for thin-film photovoltaics

Zilberberg, Kirill; Riedl, Thomas

doi:10.1039/c6ta05286j

Cited by 90 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(182 reference statements)

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“…As semitransparent top electrode for a PSC, annealing at temperatures in this range would thermally decompose the perovskite. Metal‐nanowires are a promising alternative semitransparent electrode, that can be processed at low temperature from liquid dispersions . Silver nanowires (AgNW) in dispersions of alcohol or water are the most prominent representatives.…”

Section: Cell Characteristics Of Representative Solar Cells With Agnwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impermeable Charge Transport Layers Enable Aqueous Processing on Top of Perovskite Solar Cells

Gahlmann

Brinkmann

Becker

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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Several applications of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demand a semitransparent top electrode to afford top‐illumination or see‐through devices. Transparent conductive oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), typically require postdeposition annealing at elevated temperatures, which would thermally decompose the perovskite. In contrast, silver nanowires (AgNWs) in dispersions of water would be a very attractive alternative that can be deposited at ambient conditions. Water is environmentally friendly without safety concerns associated with alcohols, such as flammability. Due to the notorious moisture sensitivity of lead‐halide perovskites, aqueous processing of functional layers, such as electrodes, on top of a perovskite device stack is elusive. Here, impermeable electron transport layers (ETLs) are shown to enable the deposition of semitransparent AgNW electrodes from green aqueous dispersions on top of the perovskite cell without damage. The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capping agent of the AgNWs is found to cause a work–function shift and an energy barrier between the AgNWs and the adjacent ETL. Thus, a high carrier density (≈1018 cm−3) in the ETL is required to achieve well‐behaved J/V characteristics free of s‐shapes. Ultimately, semitransparent PSCs are demonstrated that provide an efficiency of 17.4%, which is the highest efficiency of semitransparent p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells with an AgNW top electrode.

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Section: Cell Characteristics Of Representative Solar Cells With Agnwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impermeable Charge Transport Layers Enable Aqueous Processing on Top of Perovskite Solar Cells

Gahlmann

Brinkmann

Becker

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The properties of Ag NWs, CNTs, and several other nanostructures for applications as transparent electrodes, optimization approaches and performance have been extensively reviewed in ref. [8,89,95] In relation to metallic networks, it is important to mention other recently proposed approaches. One consists of the formation of transparent conductive grid patterns by self-assembly of Ag nanoparticles deposited by ink-jet printing.…”

Section: Metal Nanowires Nano-and Microgrids and Ultrathin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cu and Zn, as well as carbon nanotube (CNT) networks, have also been widely proposed. [8,89] Usually, these networks can be deposited gently on underlying structures, which can be an advantage for processing-sensitive devices, such as organic [90] and perovskite solar cells. [91] Challenges common to all NW network approaches are their poor chemical stability and tendency to oxidize, their large surface roughness, their weak adhesion to the substrate and high contact resistance to adjacent functional layers in devices.…”

Section: Metal Nanowires Nano-and Microgrids and Ultrathin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

364

288

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With the development of new generations of optoelectronic devices that combine high performance and novel functionalities (e.g., flexibility/bendability, adaptability, semi or full transparency), several classes of transparent electrodes have been developed in recent years. These range from optimized transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are historically the most commonly used transparent electrodes, to new electrodes made from nano‐ and 2D materials (e.g., metal nanowire networks and graphene), and to hybrid electrodes that integrate TCOs or dielectrics with nanowires, metal grids, or ultrathin metal films. Here, the most relevant transparent electrodes developed to date are introduced, their fundamental properties are described, and their materials are classified according to specific application requirements in high efficiency solar cells and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This information serves as a guideline for selecting and developing appropriate transparent electrodes according to intended application requirements and functionality.

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“…On the other hand, interconnected metal nanostructures, such as nanowebs and nanomeshes, with different pattern designs are important components in optoelectronic devices . These interconnected nanostructures can be used as transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) to replace expensive indium tin oxide (ITO), which is widely used in displays, touch screens, and solar cells …”

Section: Photovoltaic Parameters Of the Fabricated Oscs Based On Varimentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐Area Patterning of Metal Nanostructures by Dip‐Pen Nanodisplacement Lithography for Optical Applications

Chen

Wei

Zhou

et al. 2017

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Au nanostructures are remarkably important in a wide variety of fields for decades. The fabrication of Au nanostructures typically requires time-consuming and expensive electron-beam lithography (EBL) that operates in vacuum. To address this challenge, this paper reports the development of massive dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography (DNL) as a desktop fabrication tool, which allows high-throughput and rational design of arbitrary Au nanopatterns in ambient condition. Large-area (1 cm ) and uniform (<10% variation) Au nanostructures as small as 70 nm are readily fabricated, with a throughput 100-fold higher than that of conventional EBL. As a proof-of-concept of the applications in the opitcal field, we fabricate discrete Au nanorod arrays that show significant plasmonic resonance in the visible range, and interconnected Au nanomeshes that are used for transparent conductive electrode of solar cells.

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Metal-nanostructures – a modern and powerful platform to create transparent electrodes for thin-film photovoltaics

Abstract: The recent progress of semi-transparent electrodes based on thin metal layers or metal nanowires and their application in solar cells are reviewed.

Cited by 90 publications

References 238 publications

Impermeable Charge Transport Layers Enable Aqueous Processing on Top of Perovskite Solar Cells

Impermeable Charge Transport Layers Enable Aqueous Processing on Top of Perovskite Solar Cells

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Large‐Area Patterning of Metal Nanostructures by Dip‐Pen Nanodisplacement Lithography for Optical Applications

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