Metal–Organic Framework as a Microreactor for in Situ Fabrication of Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Photothermal–Chemotherapy of Tumors in Vivo

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been applied in chemotherapeutic drug loading for cancer treatment, but challenging for cases with large and malignant lesions. To overcome these difficulties, combinational therapies of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) with potentially high selectivity and slight aggressiveness have drawn tremendous attention to treat various tumors. However, current MOF-based nanohybrids with photothermal agents involve tedious synthesis processes and heterogeneous structures. Herein, we employ MIL-53 as a microreactor to grow polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles in situ for the fabrication of PPy@MIL-53 nanocomposites. Fe3+ in MIL-53, as an intrinsic oxidizing agent, can oxidize the pyrrole monomer to generate PPy nanoparticles. The prepared PPy@MIL-53 nanocomposites integrate the intrinsic advantages of MOFs with high drug loading ability and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capacity, and PPy nanoparticles with outstanding PTT ability and excellent biocompatibility. The versatile PPy@MIL-53 nanocomposites with multiple functions displayed in vitro and in vivo synergism of photothermal–chemotherapy for cancer, potentially MRI-guided. The proposed MOF microreactor-based synthesis strategy shows a promising prospect in the fabrication of diverse multifunctional nanohybrids for tumor theranostics in vivo.

Metal-organic frameworks for advanced drug delivery

“…In this field, Huang et al. 222 explored in situ fabrication of nanocomposites made of MIL-53 (Fe) taking advantage of the oxidation of the pyrrole monomer in the cage to generate polypyrrole NPs ( Fig. 11 D) 222 .…”

“… 222 explored in situ fabrication of nanocomposites made of MIL-53 (Fe) taking advantage of the oxidation of the pyrrole monomer in the cage to generate polypyrrole NPs ( Fig. 11 D) 222 . After polymerization, the large surface area, porosities and initial structure of MIL-53 were unchanged, which allowed it to load DOX for chemotherapy.…”

Metal‐organic framework‐based biomaterials for biomedical applications

“… Synthesis of PPy@MIL‐53/DOX and its role in tumour photothermal chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [51] DOX, anticarcinogen named doxorubicin; PPy, polypyrrole …”

“…DOX was then injected into the ZIF-8 shells of these core-shell nanoparticles to achieve the combined treatment effects of PDT and chemotherapy. The combination of the chemotherapeutic F I G U R E 9 Synthesis of PPy@MIL-53/DOX and its role in tumour photothermal chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [51] DOX, anticarcinogen named doxorubicin; PPy, polypyrrole F I G U R E 1 0 Schematic of the activity of a hyaluronic acid-mediated chlorin e6 therapeutic agent based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) for the photodynamic therapy of tumours [56] LUO ET AL. effect of DOX and the PDT effect of the nanometre-wide g-C 3 N 4 tablets significantly strengthened the curative effect of this complex.…”

Kalium Permanganat: Termodinamika Mengenai Transport Ionik dalam Air

“…Dengan natrium hidroksida,produk yang dihasilkan adalah senyawa Mn(V)..Kalium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) merupakan salah satu senyawa yang bersifat oksidator (125)(126)(127)(128)(129)(130) sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai desinfektan maupun sintesis kimia organic (203;232) .Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan kalium permanganate dari pasir mangan (Pirolusit) (202) Kliripan,Kulonprogo,Yogyakarta.Proses dimulai dengan penambahan KOH berlebih dan oksigen pada pasir mangan kemudian dipanaskan pada suhu 5000 C hingga terbentuk Kristal warna hijau.Selanjutnya Kristal dilarutkan dalm aquades dan disaring.Filtrat hasil penyaringan dijenuhkan sampai terbentuk larutan pekat.Larutan tersebut dipancing sehingga terbentuk Kristal.Hasil percobaan menunjukan bahwa pasir mangan Kulonprogo,Yogyakarta dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan KMnO 4 . Kalium manganat kemudian diubah menjadi permanganate melalui oksidasi elektrolit dalam media basa :…”