Metallography and Crystallographic Texture Analysis

Abstract

Several methods of characterization have provided valuable information to determine the chemical composition and manufacturing techniques used to elaborate artifacts. Through optical microscopy, it is possible to obtain an overview of sample morphology and the presence of various phases, inclusions, or oxides, as well as other imperfections on the surface of materials. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the potential for observing details in samples is increased. Analytical techniques such as chemical microanalysis are also an option for determining particular features of a sample. The contribution of X‐ray and neutron diffraction is substantial for determining grain orientation, crystalline structure, and compounds and phases present in a material, and to document the phase transformations that an archaeological material can undergo. Finally, evaluation of the hardness of a metallic archaeological object has become a tool of increasing importance for understanding the mechanical properties of a metallic material due to progress of the essays of this type.