Metals in cigarette smoke

Bernhard, David; Rossmann, Andrea; Wick, Georg

doi:10.1080/15216540500459667

Cited by 254 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Occupational exposure is generally associated with battery manufacture and recycling, and non‐occupational exposure arises through fossil fuel combustion, waste incineration, and manufacturing processes including those for cement, iron, and steel. Smoking tobacco, however, is the most important source of Cd in the general population: cigarettes contain about 0.5–1.5 μg Cd/cigarette, with 20–50% of this transferred directly to the circulation 1. For non‐smokers, the primary source of exposure is through diet, with grains and grain products, vegetables and vegetable products, and starchy roots and tubers making the greatest contributions to total ingestion (27%, 16%, and 13%, respectively) 2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate Prenatal Cadmium Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes: a Role for Sex‐Specific Differences?

Taylor

Golding

Emond

2016

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background/AimStudies on the effects of moderate prenatal exposure to cadmium (Cd) on birth outcomes have been contradictory and it has been suggested that effects may be partly masked by sex‐specific effects. Our aim was to examine the association of Cd exposure in a large group of pregnant women with birth outcomes in the whole group of participants and by sex.MethodsPregnant women were enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Whole blood samples for singleton pregnancies with a live birth were analysed for Cd (n = 4191). Data collected on the infants included anthropometric variables and gestational age at delivery. Data were analysed using SPSS v18.ResultsThere were adverse associations of maternal blood Cd level with birthweight (unstandardized B coefficient −62.7 g, 95% CI −107.0, −18.4) and crown–heel length (−0.28 cm, 95% CI −0.48, −0.07) in adjusted regression models. On stratification by sex, maternal blood Cd level was adversely associated with birthweight (−87.1 g, 95% CI −144.8, −29.4), head circumference (−0.22 cm, 95% CI −0.39, −0.04), and crown–heel length (−0.44 cm, 95% CI −0.71, −0.18) in girls but not in boys in adjusted regression models.ConclusionIn these pregnant women with moderate prenatal Cd exposure there evidence of adverse associations with birth anthropometry variables in the whole group. However, there was evidence of associations with anthropometric variables in girls that were not evident in boys. Sex‐specific effects require further investigation in large cohorts as a possible contributor to the lack of associations generally found in mixed‐sex studies.

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confidence: 99%

Moderate Prenatal Cadmium Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes: a Role for Sex‐Specific Differences?

Taylor

Golding

Emond

2016

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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“…Cadmium is the best-studied metal in cigarette smoke and smoking is the main source of Cd intake by humans. 3 In contrast, smoking is not the main source of Pb intake by humans, but its contribution has become increasingly relevant. The ability of plants like Nicotiana tabacum to accumulate metals is utilized by modern biotechnology to decontaminate soils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emerging data suggest that the alteration of metal homeostasis in the human body by cigarette smoking plays a crucial role in the genesis of a number of diseases. 3 Modern analytical chemistry is characterized by hyphenated analytical techniques that involve the combination of sensitive components to improve detection, as recently proposed by Wu et al 4 Sometimes, a preconcentration step helps to solve sensitivity problems, such as low analyte concentrations in actual samples or high concentration of matrix interferents present in complex samples, especially in biological ones. 5 Cloud point extraction (CPE) is a separation and preconcentration procedure that has been extensively applied in the determination of trace metal ions in several matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium and lead cloud point preconcentration and determination in tobacco samples by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Andrade¹,

Nascentes²,

Costa³

2009

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno tubular na chama (TS-FF-AAS) foi empregada para a determinação de Cd e Pb em diferentes tipos de amostras brasileiras de tabacos após a pré-concentração no ponto nuvem (CP) otimizada por planejamento Doehlert. Para a separação das fases no procedimento por ponto nuvem, Triton ® X-114 e 2-(bromo-2-piridilazo)-5-dietilaminofenol (Br-PADAP) foram utilizados como surfactante não iônico e agente complexante, respectivamente. Cádmio e chumbo foram determinados após digestão ácida e pré-concentração por ponto nuvem, sendo que as variáveis otimizadas por planejamento Doehlert foram: volume do agente complexante, volume de Triton ® X-114 e pH. Um ponto de máximo foi obtido nas superfícies de resposta para Cd e Pb. Para as determinações dos elementos por TS-FF-AAS, um volume de amostra de 50 µL foi introduzido no tubo de Ni posicionado sobre a chama, usando ar como carregador na vazão de 0,4 mL min -1 . Os limites de detecção e os desvios padrão relativos após a combinação de CP e TS-FF-AAS foram de 4,0 e 13 µg kg -1 e 3,1 e 0,7% para Cd e Pb, respectivamente. A exatidão do método proposto foi avaliada realizando-se testes de adição-recuperação e empregando-se material de referência certificado (folhas de chá e folhas de pessegueiro). As recuperações variaram de 93 a 103 e 93 a 107% para Cd e Pb, respectivamente. Todos os resultados obtidos para as amostras dos materiais de referência estão em concordância com os valores certificados a um nível de confiança de 95 ou 99% aplicando-se o teste t-Student.A thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (TS-FF-AAS) was employed to determine Cd and Pb in different Brazilian tobacco samples. Sample pretreatment consisted of acid decomposition and cloud point (CP) preconcentration optimized by Doehlert design. To promote phase separation in the cloud point procedure, polyoxyethylene(8) isooctylphenyl ether (Triton ® X-114) and 2-(bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethyl-amino-phenol (Br-PADAP) were used as a nonionic surfactant and a complexing agent, respectively. The variables of the cloud point preconcentration procedure optimized by Doehlert design were: complexing agent volume, Triton X-114 volume, and pH. A response surface maximum point was obtained for Cd and Pb. For TS-FF-AAS, a sample volume of 50 µL was introduced into the hot Ni tube using air carrier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min -1 . The limits of detection and relative standard deviations obtained for Cd and Pb when CP and TS-FF-AAS were associated were 4.0 and 13 µg kg -1 , and 3.1 and 0.7%, respectively. Accuracy was checked by addition-recovery experiments, as well as by using two certified reference materials (tea and peach leaves). Cadmium and lead recoveries ranged from 93 to 103 and 93 to 107%, respectively. All results obtained for reference materials were in agreement with certified values at 95 or 99% confidence levels by t-Student test.

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“…The greatest damage for human health derives from the direct inhalation of these toxic elements by active and passive smokers (Bernhard et al, 2005;IARC, 2004). For the reasons just described, it is important to develop a valid natural system for reducing Cd and As accumulation in tobacco leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The symbiosis between Nicotiana tabacum and the endomycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae increases the plant glutathione level and decreases leaf cadmium and root arsenic contents

Degola

Fattorini

Bona

et al. 2015

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

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a b s t r a c tOver time, anthropogenic activities have led to severe cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) pollution in several environments. Plants inhabiting metal(loid)-contaminated areas should be able to sequester and detoxify these toxic elements as soon as they enter roots and leaves. We postulated here that an important role in protecting plants from excessive metal(loid) accumulation and toxicity might be played by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. In fact, human exploitation of plant material derived from Cd-and As-polluted environments may lead to a noxious intake of these toxic elements; in particular, a possible source of Cd and As for humans is given by cigarette and cigar smoke. We investigated the role of AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Schüßler in protecting Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv. Petit Havana) from the above-mentioned metal(loid) stress. Our findings proved that the AM symbiosis is effective in increasing the plant tissue content of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH), in influencing the amount of metal(loid)-induced chelators as phytochelatins, and in reducing the Cd and As content in leaves and roots of adult tobacco plants. These results might also prove useful in improving the quality of commercial tobacco, thus reducing the risks to human health due to inhalation of toxic elements contained in smoking products.

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Metals in cigarette smoke

Cited by 254 publications

References 43 publications

Moderate Prenatal Cadmium Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes: a Role for Sex‐Specific Differences?

Moderate Prenatal Cadmium Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes: a Role for Sex‐Specific Differences?

Cadmium and lead cloud point preconcentration and determination in tobacco samples by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The symbiosis between Nicotiana tabacum and the endomycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae increases the plant glutathione level and decreases leaf cadmium and root arsenic contents

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