Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(MRSP) from healthy dogs in Norway – occurrence, genotypes and comparison to clinicalMRSP

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in healthy dogs and further to determine genetic relatedness between carrier isolates and clinical MRSP from dogs in Norway. A total of 189 healthy dogs visiting ten veterinary clinics were screened for MRSP during the period February to April 2013. Carrier isolates were susceptibility tested with disk diffusion and genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty‐nine clinical MRSP were characterized for comparison. These isolates were collected from July 2008 to April 2013 and represent all MRSP index isolates from each MRSP‐positive dog detected in Norway until April 2013. Geographical distribution of all MRSP cases was investigated using the ArcGIS 9.3 Software. MRSP was detected from five (2.6%) healthy dogs, sampled at three different clinics. The isolates grouped into three sequence types (STs): ST252 (two isolates), ST71 (two isolates) and ST306 (one isolate). MRSP from dogs sampled at the same animal clinic belonged to the same ST and produced identical PFGE pattern. The 49 clinical MRSP grouped into 15 STs; ST258 (n = 17), ST71 (n = 10), and ST305 (n = 4) were the most prevalent. The MRSP carrier isolates were genetically related to MRSP variants from dogs with infections as ST306 (from a carrier) is related to ST258. MRSP ST252, found in two carriers, was also present among the clinical MRSP isolates. Altogether the MRSP isolates were genetically diverse and MRSP of other lineages than ST71 continues to disseminate in Norway. Susceptibility testing showed that MRSP isolates of the ST71 lineage were the most multiresistant. Our study showed that MRSP could be detected in healthy dogs without infections and with no recent history of antimicrobial therapy stressing the need for future monitoring, infection control and prudent use of antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial resistance inStaphylococcus pseudintermediusand the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistantS. pseudintermediusin small animals in Finland

“…There, 20 out of 58 MRSP isolates (34%) were ST258 in 2015 13 . CC258 was the third most common CC in our study and was the largest clone in Norway in a recent study 12 . Additionally, CC258 has recently been reported as a major CC in both the Netherlands 14 and Denmark 45 .…”

High genotypic diversity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from canine infections in Denmark

“…A total of 23 STs were detected among the 36 dogs (Table 1 ), including two STs (ST258 and ST273) occurring repeatedly in individual dogs at different sampling times (Table 2 ). This high overall genotypic diversity is notable and resembles what was recently observed in Norway and the Netherlands [ 4 , 5 ]. With regards to number of dogs infected, ST71 predominated and was detected in 13 dogs, whereas the second most common type (ST45) occurred in 3 dogs (Table 1 ).…”

“…MRSP is resistant to all beta-lactams, and multidrug-resistance occurs frequently, especially among multilocus sequence type (ST)71 and ST68, which predominate in dogs across Europe and North America, respectively [ 2 ]. Recently, other clones such as ST258 and closely related variants have been detected with relatively high frequency in Norway [ 3 , 4 ] and the Netherlands [ 5 ], and sporadically in other EU countries [ 6 – 9 ]. Apart from often being resistant to fewer antimicrobial classes, these clones appear to be less virulent than ST71 as suggested by a lower tendency to produce biofilm [ 3 ] and less adherence to canine corneocytes [ 10 ].…”

Systematic Review on Global Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Inference of Population Structure from Multilocus Sequence Typing Data

“…Studies that exclusively used dru typing ( n = 5) to characterize S. pseudintermedius strains were not included. These steps yielded 58 studies (Figure 1 ), including 49 studies on MRSP (with or without MSSP; Bannoehr et al, 2007 ; Descloux et al, 2008 ; Black et al, 2009 , 2011 ; Moodley et al, 2009 , 2013 ; Kadlec et al, 2010 , 2015 , 2016 ; Perreten et al, 2010 , 2013 ; Ruscher et al, 2010 ; Stegmann et al, 2010 ; Boost et al, 2011 ; Gómez-Sanz et al, 2011 , 2013a , b , 2014 ; Laarhoven et al, 2011 ; Paul et al, 2011 ; DiCicco et al, 2012 , 2014 ; Feng et al, 2012 ; Osland et al, 2012 ; Walther et al, 2012 ; Wang et al, 2012 ; Bardiau et al, 2013 ; Haenni et al, 2013 , 2014 ; Pilla et al, 2013 ; Quitoco et al, 2013 ; Solyman et al, 2013 ; Youn et al, 2013 ; Chanchaithong et al, 2014 , 2015 ; Couto et al, 2014 , 2016 ; Davis et al, 2014 ; Grönthal et al, 2014 , 2015 ; Savini et al, 2014 ; Starlander et al, 2014 ; Börjesson et al, 2015 ; Kjellman et al, 2015 ; McCarthy et al, 2015 ; Rota et al, 2015 ; Damborg et al, 2016 ; Duim et al, 2016 ; Ishihara et al, 2016 ) and 9 studies on MSSP only (Ben Zakour et al, 2011 ; Tse et al, 2011 ; Gharsa et al, 2013 , 2015 ; Matanovic et al, 2013 ; Paul et al, ...…”

“…Although primarily adapted to the canine host, this coagulase-positive staphylococcal species may infect other pet animals, mainly cats (Kadlec et al, 2010 ), and humans (Van Hoovels et al, 2006 ). Over the last decade, multidrug-resistant strains have emerged worldwide (Black et al, 2009 ; Moodley et al, 2009 ; Kadlec et al, 2010 ; Perreten et al, 2010 , 2013 ; Ruscher et al, 2010 ; Gómez-Sanz et al, 2011 ; Laarhoven et al, 2011 ; Osland et al, 2012 ; Bardiau et al, 2013 ; Chanchaithong et al, 2014 ; Couto et al, 2014 ; Davis et al, 2014 ; Savini et al, 2014 ; Starlander et al, 2014 ; Grönthal et al, 2015 ; Kjellman et al, 2015 ; Rota et al, 2015 ; Ishihara et al, 2016 ), especially clones that have acquired the Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette (SCC mec ) mobilizing the methicillin resistance gene mecA . Infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) can be difficult or even impossible to treat using veterinary licensed systemic antimicrobial agents.…”