Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus metrics for patients in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends essential measures to "combat drug resistance", including instituting surveillance "everywhere". Standardized metrics are crucial for reliable surveillance. Studies publish metrics with varying definitions for multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO). The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) proposed standardized metrics for MDRO for consistent reporting, identifying high-risk groups, and evaluating interventions. Methodology: We retrieved 73 studies through PubMed using the search terms "methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus", "MRSA", and "Saudi Arabia". We selected 20 studies that reported MRSA incidence or prevalence in patients and/or percentage among Staphylococcus aureus isolates and evaluated these metrics against the closest matching SHEA/HICPAC metrics. Results: We outlined issues applicable to MRSA metrics such as comparison of risk-unadjusted metrics; their pooling for different hospitals; not accounting for post-discharge infections; non-specification of AST-based, and healthcare and community associated infections' related, standardized metrics by SHEA/HICPAC; and appropriate temporal criteria for nosocomial infections. We elaborated salient features of reviewed metrics versus their SHEA/HICPAC complements. Terminology and definitions of reviewed metrics differed from SHEA/HICPAC counterparts. Some did not satisfy the epidemiological or statistical criteria for their reported category; e.g. prevalence indicators were classified as incidence and vice versa. Conclusions: SHEA/HICPAC metrics would be useful for future studies. Our results show an imminent need for an international consensus on fundamental MDRO surveillance metrics; illustrate surveillance scenarios requiring standardized metrics; identify some indicators from Saudi studies supplementing SHEA/HICPAC metrics; and underscore SHEA/HICPAC's advice for avoiding comparison of risk-unadjusted metrics between hospitals.

High contribution and impact of resistant gram negative pathogens causing surgical site infections at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, 2007–2016

“…In Saudi Arabia, there has been a great variability in the published MRSA rates, probably due to mixing community and hospital isolates as well as clinical and surveillance isolates [26,27]. Nevertheless, the current finding was consistent with the local MRSA rates obtained from HAI specimens (mainly wound), which ranged between 16 and 57% [26]. For VRE, the current rates (13%) was comparable to recent reports from Saudi Arabia [28].…”

“…For example, MRSA rates was 30% in the current study compared with more than 40% in USA [8,9], Europe [5], and Asia [24,25]. In Saudi Arabia, there has been a great variability in the published MRSA rates, probably due to mixing community and hospital isolates as well as clinical and surveillance isolates [26,27]. Nevertheless, the current finding was consistent with the local MRSA rates obtained from HAI specimens (mainly wound), which ranged between 16 and 57% [26].…”

High Contribution and Impact of Resistant Gram Negative Pathogens Causing Surgical Site infections at a Multi-Hospital Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia, 2007-2016

“…In Saudi Arabia, there has been a great variability in the published MRSA rates, probably due to mixing community and hospital isolates as well as clinical and surveillance isolates [33,34]. Nevertheless, the current finding was consistent with the local MRSA rates obtained from HAI specimens (mainly wound), which ranged between 16% and 57% [33]. For VRE, the current rates (13%) was comparable to recent reports from Saudi Arabia [35].…”

“…For example, MRSA rates was 30% in the current study compared with more than 40% in USA [14,15], Europe [5], and Asia [31,32]. In Saudi Arabia, there has been a great variability in the published MRSA rates, probably due to mixing community and hospital isolates as well as clinical and surveillance isolates [33,34]. Nevertheless, the current finding was consistent with the local MRSA rates obtained from HAI specimens (mainly wound), which ranged between 16% and 57% [33].…”

Status of the Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in International Settings: A Survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network

“…12 A survey by Lowe et al 13 demonstrated large variation in infection control practices, such as admission screening and contact precautions, for ESBL-producing organisms and CRE in Canadian hospitals. While these recent studies have focused on single countries or regions, most often in developed countries, [12][13][14] a global picture of infection prevention practices for MDRO prevention has thus far been lacking. In our survey, we found similar variability in practices and procedures; however, we did not Inadequate resources/ staffing (n = 12) NOTE.…”