Method for Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests Using Three Atherinid Fishes and Results with Chlorpyrifos

Goodman, Linnea R.; Hansen, DJ; Middaugh, Douglas P.; Cripe, GM; Moore, JC

doi:10.1520/stp36265s

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Because of these factors and the ease with which it can be cultured in the laboratory, it is used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in toxicity testing. It is particularly valuable for early life-stage toxicity tests (Goodman et al, 1985) in which fertilized embryos are reared for 28 days. through hatching and early larval development, in a series of toxicant concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between maternal size, egg diameter, time of spawning season, temperature, and length at hatch of Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia

Bengtson

Barkman

Berry

1987

Journal of Fish Biology

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Eggs were stripped from gravid Atlantic silversides collected on two occasions. once during the early part and once during the late part of the natural spawning season. Unfertilized egg diameter was not correlated with length of the female. nor was it significantly larger during the early part of the season. Eggs were fertilized and incubated in the laboratory. Larval length at hatch was measured every 24 h during the hatching period after embryos were incubated at I8 or 25" C. Lower incubation temperature caused a significantly greater length at hatch for the offspring of each ofthe 20 females studies. In most cases (17 out of20 at 25" C, 10 out of 20 at 18" C). there was a significant decrease in length at hatch during the hatching period for a given female's eggs incubated at a given temperature. In the natural environment. larvae hatched early in the season under cooler temperatures could average 12% longer than those hatched later under warmer tempcratures, and therefore may have a greaterchance ofsurvival. The results help to explain the observation that field-caught M . nienidia that hatched early in the season are larger at any given age than those that hatched late in the season.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between maternal size, egg diameter, time of spawning season, temperature, and length at hatch of Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia

Bengtson

Barkman

Berry

1987

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…Empirical values for BCFs for fish ranged from 0.6 to 5,100 [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94] (see Additional file 1: Table S5A). From the distribution, the smallest value was clearly an outlier and was omitted from the calculation of the geometric mean and the regression.…”

Section: Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of evidence that the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos is a potential persistent organic pollutant (POP) or persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)

et al. 2014

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A number of chemicals, including several organochlorine pesticides, have been identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Here, the properties of chlorpyrifos (CPY; CAS No. 2921-88-2) and its active metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPYO; CAS No. 5598-15-2), are assessed relative to criteria for classification of compounds as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBTs). The manufacture and use of POPs are regulated at the global level by the Stockholm Convention (SC) and the UN-ECE POP Protocol. Properties that result in a chemical being classified as a POP, along with long-range transport (LRT), while understood in a generic way, often vary among jurisdictions. Under the SC, POPs are identified by a combination of bulk (intensive) properties, including persistence and biomagnification, and an extensive property, hazard. While it is known that CPY is inherently hazardous, what is important is the aggregate potential for exposure in various environmental matrices. Instead of classifying chemicals as PBT based solely on a few simple, numeric criteria, it is suggested that an overall weight of evidence (WoE) approach, which can also consider the unique properties of the substance, be applied. While CPY and its transformation products are not currently being evaluated as POPs under the SC, CPY is widely used globally and some have suggested that its properties should be evaluated in the context of the SC, especially in locations remote from application. In Europe, all pesticides are being evaluated for properties that contribute to persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity under the aegis of EC Regulation No. 1107/2009: 'Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market.' The properties that contribute to the P, LRT, B, and T of CPY were reviewed, and a WoE approach that included an evaluation of the strength of the evidence and the relevance of the data to the classification of CPY and CPYO as POPs or PBTs was applied. While toxic under the simple classification system used in EC Regulation No. 1107/2009, based on its intensive properties and results of monitoring and simulation modeling, it was concluded that there is no justification for classifying CPY or its metabolite, CPYO, as a POP or PBT.

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Comparative acute sensitivity of larval topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, and inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, to 11 chemicals

Hemmer

Middaugh

Comparetta

1992

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Larval topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) were exposed in 96‐h static acute toxicity tests to 11 chemicals to determine the relative sensitivity of the two atherinid species. High to low LC50 ratios for endosulfan, methoxychlor, carbophenothion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, fenvalerate, permethrin, 4‐nitrophenol, and sodium lauryl sulfate were within a factor of <2 for the two species. Atherinops affinis was more sensitive to both azinphos‐methyl and 2,4‐dinitrophenol by factors of 6.7 and 4.4, respectively. Comparisons of the relative sensitivity of Atherinops affinis with three freshwater fish species (Lepomis macrochirus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Pimephales promelas) and one estuarine fish species (Cyprinodon variegatus) are presented. Sensitivities were similar between Atherinops affinis and the two most sensitive freshwater species, Lepomis macrochirus and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Atherinops affinis is easily transported, cultured, and maintained in the laboratory and readily adaptable for use in toxicological studies.

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Method for Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests Using Three Atherinid Fishes and Results with Chlorpyrifos

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Relationships between maternal size, egg diameter, time of spawning season, temperature, and length at hatch of Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia

Relationships between maternal size, egg diameter, time of spawning season, temperature, and length at hatch of Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia

Evaluation of evidence that the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos is a potential persistent organic pollutant (POP) or persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)

Comparative acute sensitivity of larval topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, and inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, to 11 chemicals

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