Method for Measuring Quantity of Bone

Exton‐Smith, A. N.; Millard, Peter; Erica, P.R. Payne; Wheeler, Floyd J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92482-9

Cited by 117 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In women, the mineral content of the metacarpals correlates well with that at other peripheral skeletal bone sites (r ranges from 0.75 to 0.96). 32 The accuracy of the measurement was demonstrated by Exton-Smith et al, 33 who found a correlation of 0.85 between the mineral content of the metacarpal cortical area and the ash mineral content of the metacarpal bones.…”

Section: Metacarpal Radiogrammetrymentioning

confidence: 96%

Progression of Aortic Calcification Is Associated With Metacarpal Bone Loss During Menopause

Hak

Pols

Hemert

et al. 2000

ATVB

338

204

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Abstract-Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are major causes of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women and have been suggested to be associated. No study has examined whether progression of atherosclerotic calcification is associated with bone loss. In the present study, we examined progression of aortic calcification, diagnosed by radiographic detection of calcified deposits in the abdominal aorta, in relation to metacarpal bone loss, as assessed by metacarpal radiogrammetry, during menopause. Initially premenopausal women (nϭ236), aged 45 to 57 years at baseline, were followed for 9 years. We additionally assessed the cross-sectional association between the extent of aortic calcification and metacarpal bone mass and density in 720 postmenopausal women. Twenty-five percent of women going through menopause showed progression of aortic calcification. The average loss of metacarpal bone mass among women with progression of aortic calcification was 3.2 mm 2 , and their loss of metacarpal bone density was 7.2 mm 2 %, whereas in women without progression of aortic calcification, these losses were 2.0 mm 2 and 5.6 mm 2 %, respectively, adjusted for age and years of follow-up (PϽ0.05). Additional adjustment for age at menopause, body mass index, blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and use of hormone replacement therapy, thiazide, and loop diuretics did not influence these results. In postmenopausal women, a graded inverse cross-sectional association between the extent of aortic calcification and metacarpal bone mass and density was found. In conclusion, our results indicate that progression of atherosclerotic calcification is associated with increased bone loss in women during menopause. Key Words: atherosclerosis Ⅲ vascular calcification Ⅲ osteoporosis Ⅲ menopause C ardiovascular disease and osteoporosis are major causes of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women 1,2 and are generally considered unrelated. Several studies, however, indicate that atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are associated. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Calcification is a common feature of atherosclerotic plaques and is regulated in a way similar to bone mineralization. [11][12][13][14][15][16] The relation of vascular calcification to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture is not clear yet, but data indicate that moderate calcification of plaques contributes to vascular morbidity and mortality. [17][18][19][20] Several cross-sectional studies have been conducted on the association between atherosclerotic calcification and osteoporosis among elderly women. [3][4][5][6][7][8][21][22][23] Most of these studies found an association, 3-8 although some did not. [21][22][23] Potential confounding factors other than age have not been taken into account in most of these studies. [3][4][5]8,21,22 No study examined whether progression of atherosclerotic calcification is associated with bone loss. Because the prevalence of atherosclerosis and osteoporosis increases from menopause onward, 24,25 the change from the premenopaus...

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Section: Metacarpal Radiogrammetrymentioning

confidence: 96%

Progression of Aortic Calcification Is Associated With Metacarpal Bone Loss During Menopause

Hak

Pols

Hemert

et al. 2000

ATVB

338

204

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Radiographic cortical bone thickness is a well-recognized valuable method for assessing bone biology, and has long been used as a measure of skeletal mass [4,10,12,15,16,29,30,39,40,42]. Cortical thickness is measured as the amount of bone tissue present between the periosteal and endosteal surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetics of cortical bone mass in healthy 10-year-old children from the Fels Longitudinal Study

Duren

Sherwood

Choh

et al. 2007

Bone

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The genetic influences on bone mass likely change throughout the life span, but most genetic studies of bone mass regulation have focused on adults. There is, however, a growing awareness of the importance of genes influencing the acquisition of bone mass during childhood on lifelong bone health. The present investigation examines genetic influences on childhood bone mass by estimating the residual heritabilities of different measures of second metacarpal bone mass in a sample of 600 10-year-old participants from 144 families in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Bivariate quantitative genetic analyses were conducted to estimate genetic correlations between cortical bone mass measures, and measures of bone growth and development. Using a maximum likelihood-based variance components method for pedigree data, we found a residual heritability estimate of 0.71 for second metacarpal cortical index. Residual heritability estimates for individual measures of cortical bone (e.g., lateral cortical thickness, medial cortical thickness) ranged from 0.47 to 0.58, at this prepubertal childhood age. Low genetic correlations were found between cortical bone measures and both bone length and skeletal age. However, after Bonferonni adjustment for multiple testing, ρ G was not significantly different from 0 for any of these pairs of traits. Results of this investigation provide evidence of significant genetic control over bone mass largely independent of maturation while bones are actively growing and before rapid accrual of bone that typically occurs during puberty.

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“…Bone mass was determined by means of a wrist and hand, including distal phalanges, x-ray and using the Exton-Smith Index [8,9]. This measure (D2-d2/D2 x 1000, D = external diameter, d = internal diameter of the 2nd left metacarpal bone, L = bone length) was chosen, al though it is a relatively old method, because it had been used before for the Greek population and was easily trans portable for use in the village.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition status of the elderly in Anogia, Crete, Greece.

Kafatos

Diacatou

Labadarios

et al. 1993

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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General health and nutritional status of 167 free-living elderly Greek (aged 65-91 years) were assessed. The most prevalent diseases/symptoms encountered were related to respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and vascular systems (hypertension). Most subjects were socially active. Body mass index was < 20 and > 25 Kg/m2 in 7 and 57% of the subjects, respectively. Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in women than in men, and as a group, 18 and 42%, respectively, had diastolic blood pressures > 90 and systolic blood pressures > 160 mmHg. Anemia and hypoalbuminemia were detected in < 5% of the population. Total fat intake was 40-45% of total energy intake and most of it came from monounsaturated fat. Hypercholesterolemia (> 6 mmol/L) was present in 32% of subjects. The percentages of men who smoked (66%) or drank (68%) were significantly higher than those of women (2 and 1%, respectively). Dietary intake data were compared with US recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for elderly. Daily energy and protein intakes were lower than the US RDA levels; calcium intake was > 50% of the US RDA, while magnesium and vitamin B6 levels were < 50% of the US RDA. Vitamin C intake was much higher than that of the US RDA. Mean thiamin, vitamin A, riboflavin and iron intakes were below the US RDA, while fiber intake was < 50% of the corresponding US estimate. Phosphorus was higher than the US RDA in men, while lower for women. Sodium intakes exceeded those recommended, while potassium levels were higher than those recommended in males, and lower in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Method for Measuring Quantity of Bone

Cited by 117 publications

References 5 publications

Progression of Aortic Calcification Is Associated With Metacarpal Bone Loss During Menopause

Progression of Aortic Calcification Is Associated With Metacarpal Bone Loss During Menopause

Quantitative genetics of cortical bone mass in healthy 10-year-old children from the Fels Longitudinal Study

Nutrition status of the elderly in Anogia, Crete, Greece.

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