Method for the determination of indole and skatole in pig fat

Porter, Michael A.; Hawe, S. M.; Walker, N.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740490209

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Skatole has been quantified from pig backfat by gas chromatography (GC), [53,54] high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), [55] and spectrophotometry methods. [8,56] HPLC was used to quantify indole and skatole in swine gut contents, [57] and to quantify skatole in various animal feces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Beier

Anderson

Krueger

et al. 2009

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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Indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) are odor pollutants in livestock waste, and skatole is a major component of boar taint. Skatole causes pulmonary edema and emphysema in ruminants and causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans. A gas chromatographic method that originally used a nitrogen-phosphorus detector to increase sensitivity was modified resulting in an improved flame ionization detection response for indole and skatole of 236% and 207%, respectively. The improved method eliminates the large amount of indole decomposition in the injector. A 10 micro g mL(-1) spike of indole and skatole in water and swine fecal slurries resulted in recovery of 78.5% and 96% in water and 76.1% and 85.8% in fecal slurries, respectively. The effect of the addition of nitroethane and nitroethanol at 21.8 mM in swine fecal slurries was studied on the microbial production of indole and skatole. Nitroethane and nitroethanol decreased the production of skatole in swine fecal slurries at 24 h. The nitroethane effect on l-tryptophan-supplemented fecal slurries after 6 and 24 h incubation resulted in a decrease of 69.0% (P = 0.02) and 23.5% skatole production, respectively, and a decrease of 14.9% indole at 6 h, but an increase in indole production of 81.1% at 24 h.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Beier

Anderson

Krueger

et al. 2009

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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“…Cutoff levels of 250 and 200 ng/g have been used as threshold values for sorting out tainted carcasses, the latter being more prevalent in the recent studies. Gas chromatographic (GC) methods have been used for fat analysis (Hansson et al, 1980;Peleran and Bories, 1985;Porter et al, 1989), but they require considerable amount of sample preparation. A colorimetric method has been developed by Mortensen and Sørensen (1984) for routine analysis of skatole in fat samples, but the reaction is not skatole-specific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Skatole and Indole Levels in Pig Serum, Subcutaneous Fat, and Submaxillary Salivary Glands

Tuomola

Vahva

Kallio

1996

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of skatole and indole in porcine tissue and serum samples. The sensitivity of the method for tissue and serum samples was 1 ng/g and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively. The skatole content in adipose tissue (fat) was higher (p < 0.0001) in boars (median 39 ng/g, n = 91) than in barrows (24 ng/g, n = 96) or gilts (17 ng/g, n = 85). The corresponding levels of skatole in serum were 1.9, 1.4, and 1.1 ng/mL, respectively. Significant correlations (p < 0.0001) were found between boar serum and fat levels of skatole (r = 0.90) and indole (r = 0.65). Elevated skatole levels were found exclusively in boars, of which 9.9% exceeded the 200 ng/g limit in fat. Skatole concentrations were 8-fold lower in the salivary glands than in the fat samples, and they were (p < 0.0001) correlated with both fat and serum concentrations. On the basis of the close correlation between fat and serum skatole levels, it is proposed that serum measurements could be used for routine assessment of skatole in pork meat, a factor contributing to boar taint. Keywords: HPLC; skatole; indole; boar taint; pigs

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“…Em 1988 Porter et al [63] desenvolveram um método para determinação de escatol e indol em gordura de porco por GC e detecção por FID. As amostras eram homogeneizadas em metanol por 3 vezes, os extratos eram combinados e resfriados a -40ºC para precipitação da gordura.…”

Section: Escatolunclassified

“…O resíduo, após ser ressuspendido em metanol, era injetado no cromatógrafo. Este método tinha maior aplicabilidade para amostras de rotina, pois permitia a análise de 20 amostras por dia [63].…”

Section: Escatolunclassified

Determinação de off-flavours em carne e gordura suína por GCxGC combinada a SPME

Braga¹

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Determinação de off-flavours em carne e gordura suína por GC×GC combinada a SPMEA carne de porco é a proteína mais consumida no mundo. Para ser consumida a carne necessita de um padrão de qualidade e um dos problemas que afeta esta qualidade é o surgimento de odores desagradáveis. Estes odores, conhecidos como boar taint, são causados principalmente pela presença de androstenona e escatol em níveis maiores que 1,00 µg g -1 e 0,25 µg g -1 , respectivamente, em gordura suína. Os métodos existentes para determinação destes compostos são dispendiosos e não geram resultados em tempos satisfatórios para análise de rotina. Neste trabalho foi proposto um novo método para determinação de androstenona e escatol em gordura suína que se baseia na utilização de microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC×GC). Para isso foi realizada uma otimização univariada do tipo de fibra e agente saponificante e posteriormente uma otimização multivariada, envolvendo concentração de saponificante, tempo de saponificação, temperatura e tempo de extração. O método otimizado foi validado sob os parâmetros de limites de detecção e quantificação, linearidade, precisão e exatidão. Para o escatol é possível a quantificação de amostras com quantidades menores que as detectadas sensorialmente (0,25 µg g -1 ), com precisão e exatidão, mas para a androstenona, é possível apenas detectar a presença ou não deste analito. Após todo o desenvolvimento e validação do método, este foi aplicado em sete amostras de toucinho cedidas pelo ITAL.

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Method for the determination of indole and skatole in pig fat

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Skatole and Indole Levels in Pig Serum, Subcutaneous Fat, and Submaxillary Salivary Glands

Determinação de off-flavours em carne e gordura suína por GCxGC combinada a SPME

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