Method of creating 3D models of small caliber cerebral arteries basing on anatomical specimens

Rzepliński, Radosław; Tomaszewski, Michał; Sługocki, Mikołaj; Karczewski, Krzysztof; Krajewski, Paweł; Skadorwa, Tymon; Małachowski, Jerzy; Ciszek, Bogdan

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110590

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Similarly to the method previously described by Rzeplinski, Tomaszewski, et al ( 2021 ), the arteries of the vertebrobasilar system were rinsed of any residue with 0.9% NaCl solution, distal segments of the arteries were ligated and the arteries were filled with colored latex under pressure of 120 mm Hg. The specimens were subsequently placed in 10% buffered formalin solution and left to fix for 4 weeks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uninterrupted and adequate blood flow through the pontine arteries is essential to human life and daily functioning, as reflected in pontine vascular syndromes (Bähr & Frotscher, 2019). We connected these syndromes with corresponding vessel types and presented the summary in Development of novel imaging techniques led to better visualization of small cerebral arteries (Ayre et al, 2022;Rzeplinski et al, 2022;Zylkowski et al, 2021); however, most in vivo studies concerned the lenticulostriate arteries (Bouvy et al, 2016;Harteveld et al, 2015;Wei et al, 2022) and could only show the main trunks of the perforators (Rzeplinski, Slugocki, et al, 2023;Rzeplinski, Tomaszewski, et al, 2021;Wei et al, 2022). When interpreting results of such studies and planning various vascular interventions one is expected to know the visualized vessels and anticipate the consequences at least to some extent.…”

Section: Clinical Significance Of Pontine Blood Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomy of the pontine arteries and perforators of the basilar artery in humans

2023

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Cerebral blood flow constitutes a critical area of interest for neurologists, neurosurgeons, and interventional radiologists as a social burden related to ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and vascular dementia is expected to intensify. There is a great need to develop new and effective therapies, therefore deepening understanding of cerebrovascular anatomy, physiology, and pathology is crucial. The main aim of the study was to develop a comprehensive classification of the pontine arteries considering their typology, relations to the cranial nerves, branching schemes, and superficial pontine blood supply areas. We prepared 100 anatomical specimens of the human brainstem with the basilar artery, the pontine arteries, and the terminal perforating arteries. With the use of microsurgical microscope, we analyzed morphometry of the basilar artery, origins, courses, and branching patterns of the pontine arteries as well as distribution of the terminal perforators in relation to pontine superficial vascular areas and the cranial nerves. Additionally, we studied presence of pontine branches of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). Repetitive branching patterns, origins, and courses led us to distinguish five types of the pontine arteries: type 1—the paramedian branches, type 2—the short circumflex branches, type 3—composition of the paramedian and the short circumflex branches, type 4—long circumflex branches, and type 5—median branches penetrating the pons along the basilar sulcus. Types 1, 2, and 4 were described in the literature previously, but the classification did not include the median branches (the most prevalent branches) and frequently occurring combinations of the types 1 and 2. There were seven pontine arteries on both sides on average that presented the following general pattern: the first pontine artery below the SCA is a type 4 vessel called the posterolateral pontine artery and it is followed by a type 2 vessel—the superolateral pontine artery; the next three arteries represent the types 1, 2, and 3 and supply most of the ventral pontine surface; the sixth artery—the anterolateral pontine artery—is a short circumflex branch and the seventh artery, originating below the AICA, represents long circumflex arteries. Occlusion of each of the abovementioned vessels relates to a specific pontine vascular syndrome. As explained by the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the central nervous system, the pontine arteries are subject to variability. The SCA and the AICA took part in the pontine blood supply in 2.5% and 12.5% of cases, respectively, therefore neurovascular interventions involving the SCA, or the AICA may lead to pontine ischemia. Contact of the pontine arteries with the cranial nerves depends on the vessel type and origin location.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Significance Of Pontine Blood Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the pontine arteries and perforators of the basilar artery in humans

2023

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“…We injected intraarterially contrast medium (a mixture of barium sulfate and gelatin) into 40 unfixed anatomic specimens of the basal ganglia, which were subsequently fixed in buffered 10% formalin solution and scanned with a Nikon/Metris XT H 225 ST micro-computed tomography (CT) scanner (for detailed step-by-step description of specimens preparation please refer to our methodology article 17 ). Thanks to high resolution (voxel size of up to 27 µm), the method clearly visualizes all perforating arteries branching from the middle cerebral artery (the lenticulostriate arteries).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Formation: An Anatomical Specimens-Based Study

Rzepliński

Sługocki

Tarka

et al. 2022

Stroke

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Background: Despite advances in understanding various risk and prognostic factors, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is connected to very high morbidity and mortality, while the therapy is mainly supportive. Understanding of the pathophysiology of initial hematoma expansion is limited due to insufficient clinical data and lack of a suitable animal model. Methods: We injected 40 anatomic specimens of the basal ganglia with contrast medium, scanned them with a micro-computed tomography scanner and analyzed the results of radiological studies, direct and histological examinations. Results: In 9 cases, micro-computed tomography and histological examinations revealed contrast medium extravasations mimicking intracerebral hematomas. The artificial hematomas spread both proximally and distally along the ruptured perforator and its branches in the perivascular spaces and detached the branches from the adjacent neural tissue leading to destruction of the tissue and secondary extravasations. Moreover, some contrast extravasations skipped to the perivascular spaces of unruptured perforators, created further extravasation sites and aggravated the expansion of the artificial hematoma. There was no subarachnoid extension of any artificial hematoma. Conclusions: We postulate that a forming basal ganglia intracerebral hematoma spreads initially in the perivascular space, detaches the branches from the neural tissue and causes secondary bleeding. It can also skip to the perivascular space of a nearby perforator. The proposed mechanism of hematoma initiation and formation explains extent of damage to the neural tissue, variability of growth in time and space, creation of secondary bleeding sites, and limited usefulness of surgical interventions. The model is reproducible, the extent of the artificial hematoma can be easily controlled, the rupture sites of the perforating arteries can be determined, and preparation of the model does not require specialized, expensive equipment apart from the micro-computed tomography scanner.

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“…The specimens of basal ganglia and brainstem were prepared by obtaining an unfixed brain from the cadaver, filling the arteries with contrast medium (barium sulphate), and fixing in 10% buffered formalin solution, as precisely described previously [12]. In each case, the pontine branches of the basilar artery (from the vertebrobasilar junction to the superior cerebellar arteries) or the lenticulostriate arteries were counted and measured using a microsurgical microscope.…”

Section: Preparation Of the Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%