Methodical Review on Poxvirus Replication, Genes Responsible for the Development of Infection and Host Immune Response Against the Disease

Abstract

Poxviruses are among the best known and most feared viruses in the world and their emergence was estimated to be around thousands of years ago. Poxviruses use the majority of their genes for intonation of their host antiviral reaction and, assumed as virulence genes. This review aims to cite information about the replication of poxvirus, genes responsible for causing the disease and host defense mechanism against the virus. Glycosaminoglycan's (GAGs) is supposed to be the receptors of poxvirus during entrance to cells for replication. More than one enzyme is encoded by several poxviruses for production of DNA, which probably increases genome replication in inactive cells. Based on fluorescent dye visualization, the DNA synthesis of Poxvirus is detected within two hours after infection takes place in a separate juxtanuclear location known as factories. The Acquired immune response is a complex interaction of a number of cell types and the consequently lead to the generation of specific antiviral antibody of B lymphocytes and in virus-specific DTH and cytotoxic responses by T lymphocytes. In poxvirus

From Entry to Evasion: A Comprehensive Analysis of Host-Virus Interactions for Monkeypox

“…Poxvirus DNA has been found in the cytoplasm, particularly at discrete juxtanuclear sites known as viral factories (VFs). [35][36][37][38] VFs accumulate and are confined by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, which play a crucial role in DNA replication. Besides virion assembly, these factories serve as sites for viral transcription and translation.…”

“…Subsequently, late genes are transcribed, and the resultant mRNAs are translated into structural proteins and enzymes for virion assembly. 37 Poxvirus replication proteins include DNA polymerase, helicaseprimase, uracil DNA glycosylase, protein kinase, ssDNA-binding protein and DNA ligase. Only protein kinase and DNA ligase are host-dependent among these proteins.…”

“…These proteins possess the ability to inhibit various processes, including apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism. 37 VACV has been found to prevent apoptosis through activity of its protein F1, which is a B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) homolog. This protein works by binding to Bcl-2 antagonist/killer (Bak), a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family (Figure 3).…”

Monkeypox: a global health emergency

“…The extracellular viral modulators, also known as viromimic proteins, consist of viroreceptors, reducing the host’s cytokines and chemokines impact and virokines, which are in a quest to imitate the host’s cytokines and chemokines ( Okyay et al, 2022 ). Under the conditions of not having a fully developed immune system, young patients are prevalent among cases with poxvirus infection, due to the lack of maternal antibodies ( Hurisa et al, 2019 ), followed by immunodeficient patients that are not capable of ensuring a competent immune response.…”

“…Although the mpox virus shares its linear double-stranded DNA genome with variola and vaccinia viruses ( di Giulio and Eckburg, 2004 ), the former does not inherit all of the properties that the smallpox virus holds, such as the lack of open reading frames (ORFs) in the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) region, which contains the origins of replication ( Hurisa et al, 2019 ). However, this ORF comparison further led to the mpox virus’ ability to interact with the complement, in both its classical and alternate pathways.…”