Methods for nanoparticle synthesis and drug delivery

The demand for energy has increased tremendously around the whole world due to rapid urbanization and booming industrialization. Energy is the major key to achieving an improved social life, but energy production and utilization processes are the main contributors to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation of the energy crisis and reduction in pollution (water and air) difficulties are the leading research topics nowadays. Carbonaceous materials offer some of the best solutions to minimize these problems in an easy and effective way. It is also advantageous that the sources of carbon-based materials are economical, the synthesis processes are comfortable, and the applications are environmentally friendly. Among carbonaceous materials, activated carbons, graphene, and carbon nanotubes have shown outstanding performance in mitigating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. These three carbonaceous materials exhibit unique adsorption properties for energy storage, water purification, and gas cleansing due to their outstanding electrical conductivity, large specific surface areas, and strong mechanical strength. This paper reviews the synthesis methods for activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, and graphene and their significant applications in energy storage, water treatment, and carbon dioxide gas capture to improve environmental sustainability.

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“…Apart from CNTs, the CVD method has been extensively used for the synthesis of fullerenes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, etc. [90].…”

Section: Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Applications of Carbonaceous Materials in Sustainable Water Treatment, Energy Storage, and CO2 Capture: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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“…Yet, these techniques are suitable for designing nanocarriers specifically for applications like drug delivery. [11,12] Besides, flash nanoprecipitation and hydrosol production processes use solvent precipitation, and electrospraying and spray drying processes follow the controlled droplet evaporation method. [13] Emulsion, dispersion, and interfacial polymerization techniques are commonly used to fabricate rapidly biodegradable polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA), PLGA-based, and other polymeric nanocarriers.…”

Section: Criteria and Techniques Of Nanocarriers Fabrication For Huma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14] A detailed discussion of the numerous methods available for producing nanocarriers can be found elsewhere. [11,14,15]…”

Section: Criteria and Techniques Of Nanocarriers Fabrication For Huma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Any class of nanomaterial's potential applications depends on its physicochemical, structural, and morphological properties, which in turn depend on both its place of origin and its synthesis techniques. [ 11 ] Basically, there are two ways to create nanocarriers: top down (from larger molecules) or bottom up (from smaller molecules). Top‐down techniques for creating nanocarriers are typically physical in nature (lithography, milling, etc.).…”

Section: Nanocarriers and Their Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These approaches are preferred for industrial scale‐up, but they call for expensive machinery and high energy consumption without offering any fine‐tuned control over particle growth. [ 11 ] These techniques are simpler to use, but they have limited control over the morphology, size, and structure of the resulting particles. Contrarily, bottom‐up methods, such as chemical synthesis, self‐assembly, positional assembly, spray conversion processing (i.e., electro‐spraying and spray drying), co or solvent precipitation, the sol–gel method, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, emulsion, dispersion, interfacial polymerization, etc., entail creating a nanostructure out of smaller building blocks, like atom by atom, molecule by molecule, and cluster by cluster.…”

Section: Nanocarriers and Their Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocarrier‐Based Drug Delivery Systems using Microfluidic‐Assisted Techniques

Alam

2023

Advanced NanoBiomed Research

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Nanocarrier‐mediated drug delivery in life science and patient care is now highly recognized and has gained significant traction in pharmaceuticals for clinical applications. Besides, the incorporation of microfluidic technology for the synthesizing and delivery of nanocarriers facilitates preclinical drug testing under biomimicking physiological conditions, which further increases the prospect of nanocarrier drug delivery systems in clinical use. Indeed, an inherent amenability of microfluidics shows fine‐tuned manipulation and controlled release of nanocarrier drugs in a spatiotemporal manner. The progress of microfluidic‐assisted potential drug delivery platforms is reviewed and summarized with a focus on factors determining the design of novel nanodrug delivery microfluidic systems, on‐chip functionalization and synthesis mechanisms of nanodrugs, and stimulation‐responsive and organ‐specific drug delivery platforms, including different challenges associated with developing platforms in benchtop research that hinder platforms’ clinical translation. Moreover, the commercial scenario and prospects of the microfluidic nanodrug delivery platforms are evaluated, and further predictive suggestions are provided for developing multitargeting microfluidic/organ‐on‐a‐chip nanodrug delivery platforms and overcoming the challenges associated with commercialization. This review recognizes that although numerous reports have reinforced the promise of microfluidic nanodrug delivery platforms, much remains to be done in lab and benchtop works to realize it in clinical practice through commercialization.

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