Methods for the fire protection of plastics and coatings by flame retardant and intumescent systems

The influence of an N-alkoxy HALS on the decomposition of a brominated fire retardant in polypropylene

“…Bromine is the most effective because it interferes with the combustion process at an earlier stage due to its weaker bonding with carbon [3]. The flame inhibiting molecule, hydrogen bromide (HBr), is liberated over a narrow temperature range, and is thus available at higher concentrations in the flame zone [4]. In addition, aliphatic brominated compounds are more effective fire retardants than aromatic brominated compounds due to their lower carbonebromine bond energies [3] making them less temperature resistant in terms of thermal decomposition by fire.…”

Flame retardation of polyethylene: Effect of a phosphorus flame retardant having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the same molecule

“…16 As CNSL is technologically more potential than is cardanol by way of cost-effectiveness, CNSL was phosphorylated to get a phosphorylated CNSL prepolymer (PCNSL): 16,22,25 It has been shown in this laboratory as well as elsewhere that a polymeric FR (a prepolymer will be preferable, as high loading will be required for the polymeric FR) is much more effective than is a monomeric FR or a simple FR compound. 26,28 Additionally, we observed that PCNSL possesses antioxidant properties 27 that might control the surface oxidation of PE with consequent enhancement in flame retardance. Preliminary studies have shown that PCNSL gives compatible blends with PE, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), natural rubber (NR), cellulose, and polyurethane.…”

Intumescent paint as fire protection coating

“…The compounds usually employed, as cited by Camino et al [10] coincide with those presented by Troitzsch [9]. For inorganic acid, with a high boiling point and reduced oxidation, typically phosphoric acid is used, in the form of ammonium salts.…”

“…One solution is the adoption of a waterproof coating over the intumescent paint. According to Troitzsch [9], formulations with ammonium polyphosphate or melamine phosphate perform better regarding water resistance. Sometimes, the intumescent coating is reinforced with epoxy resins with mixtures of boric acid or borates, glass and lime.…”

“…Solidification of phosphorus-carbon carbonized foam at 360ºC. Next, the chemical reactions according to Troitzsch [9] are presented, for the intumescent mechanism of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, Pentaerythritol and chlorinated paraffin. The first step takes place at temperatures between 150 and 215ºC -decomposition of the inorganic salt producing ammonia gas and phosphoric acid, according to Equation 1.…”