Methylation patterns in pap regulatory DNA control pyelonephritis-associated pili phase variation in E. coli

Braaten, Bruce A.; Nou, Xiangwu; Kaltenbach, Linda S.; Low, D.A.

doi:10.1016/0168-9525(94)90086-8

Cited by 58 publications

(157 citation statements)

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“…Methylation can result in phase variation through a transcriptional regulator, as occurs in interdependent expression of fimbrial and flagellar genes in E. coli (reviewed in reference 342). Two Dam methyltransferase sites and pap DNA methylation patterns are involved in the regulation of the phase variation switch between the on and off states in the synthesis of Pap pili in E. coli (32). Dam-dependent phase variation in E. coli also accounts for changes in another antigen, Ag43 (130).…”

Section: Genetic Heterogeneity Within Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture History and Population Heterogeneity as Determinants of Bacterial Adaptation: the Adaptomics of a Single Environmental Transition

Ryall

Eydallin

Ferenci

2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

140

109

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SUMMARY Diversity in adaptive responses is common within species and populations, especially when the heterogeneity of the frequently large populations found in environments is considered. By focusing on events in a single clonal population undergoing a single transition, we discuss how environmental cues and changes in growth rate initiate a multiplicity of adaptive pathways. Adaptation is a comprehensive process, and stochastic, regulatory, epigenetic, and mutational changes can contribute to fitness and overlap in timing and frequency. We identify culture history as a major determinant of both regulatory adaptations and microevolutionary change. Population history before a transition determines heterogeneities due to errors in translation, stochastic differences in regulation, the presence of aged, damaged, cheating, or dormant cells, and variations in intracellular metabolite or regulator concentrations. It matters whether bacteria come from dense, slow-growing, stressed, or structured states. Genotypic adaptations are history dependent due to variations in mutation supply, contingency gene changes, phase variation, lateral gene transfer, and genome amplifications. Phenotypic adaptations underpin genotypic changes in situations such as stress-induced mutagenesis or prophage induction or in biofilms to give a continuum of adaptive possibilities. Evolutionary selection additionally provides diverse adaptive outcomes in a single transition and generally does not result in single fitter types. The totality of heterogeneities in an adapting population increases the chance that at least some individuals meet immediate or future challenges. However, heterogeneity complicates the adaptomics of single transitions, and we propose that subpopulations will need to be integrated into future population biology and systems biology predictions of bacterial behavior.

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Section: Genetic Heterogeneity Within Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture History and Population Heterogeneity as Determinants of Bacterial Adaptation: the Adaptomics of a Single Environmental Transition

Ryall

Eydallin

Ferenci

2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

140

109

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“…1C), was constructed in order to eliminate differences in protein expression among mutants as a result of methylation-dependent phase variation which occurs in the promoter region of adhesins (Braaten et al, 1994;van der Woude and Low, 1994). We first inserted an EcoRI restriction site by site-directed mutagenesis 45 bp upstream of the draB gene.…”

Section: Plasmid Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

**Mutational analysis of receptor binding mediated by the Dr family of Escherichia coli adhesins**

Carnoy

Moseley

1997

Molecular Microbiology

107

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SummaryThe fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins of the Dr family mediate the adherence of uropathogenic and diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli to decay-accelerating factor (DAF) present on erythrocytes and other cell types. The Dr haemagglutinin binds type IV collagen and, unlike other members of the Dr family, mediates an adherence inhibited in the presence of chloramphenicol. We examined the ability of other members of the Dr family-AFAI, AFAIII, and F1845-to bind to type IV collagen, and demonstrated that the collagen-binding phenotype was unique to the Dr haemagglutinin. We employed site-directed mutagenesis to demonstrate the requirement of a negatively charged amino-acid at position 54 of the Dr haemagglutinin subunit for chloramphenicol sensitivity of binding. Mutations at position 32, 40, 54, 90, and 113 differently affected type IV collagen binding and chloramphenicol sensitivity of binding, while retaining DAF-binding capability. These results suggest the existence of a conformational receptor-binding domain in the major structural subunit of Dr family adhesins and demonstrate that chloramphenicol sensitivity of binding and adherence to type IV collagen were independent and separable phenotypes. Finally, we showed that the two conserved cysteine residues of Dr family structural subunits form a disulphide bond and that mutations of these residues abolish haemagglutination and binding to type IV collagen.

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“…In phase-ON cells, Lrp binds to the distal site cluster overlapping the other dam methylation site ("GATC dist "), blocking its methylation, leaving GATC prox open for methylation, and allowing the transcription to start. 3,4,5 This modulation in the DNA-binding activity of Lrp plays a central role in the pap phase variation, and, as evidenced by early genetic studies, it depends on the local regulator PapI. 6,7,8 The entire mechanism of pap regulation involves ¥corresponding author, Email: dahlquist@chem.ucsb.edu, Phone: 805-893-5326, Fax: 805-893-4120.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution Structure of Escherichia coli PapI, a Key Regulator of the Pap Pili Phase Variation

Kawamura

Zhou

et al. 2007

Journal of Molecular Biology

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Pyelonephritis-associated pili (pap) allow uropathogenic Escherichia coli to bind to epithelial cells and play an important role in urinary tract infection. Expression of pap pili is controlled by a phasevariation mechanism, based on the two distinct heritable states that are the result of adenine N6-methylation in either of the two GATC sequences in its regulatory region. Methylation status of these two sequences is sensed by the action of two proteins, Lrp and PapI, and they play a central role in determining pap pili gene expression in both phase-ON and phase-OFF cells. We used modern nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to determine the solution structure and backbone dynamics of PapI. We found its overall fold closely resembles that of the winged helix-turn-helix family of DNA-binding proteins. We also determined that PapI possesses its own DNA-binding activity, albeit non-sequence specific, independent of Lrp. PapI appears to bind to DNA with a K d in the 10 µM range. Possible mechanisms by which PapI might participate in the regulation of the pap operon are discussed in light of these new findings.

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Methylation patterns in pap regulatory DNA control pyelonephritis-associated pili phase variation in E. coli

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Culture History and Population Heterogeneity as Determinants of Bacterial Adaptation: the Adaptomics of a Single Environmental Transition

Culture History and Population Heterogeneity as Determinants of Bacterial Adaptation: the Adaptomics of a Single Environmental Transition

**Mutational analysis of receptor binding mediated by the Dr family of Escherichia coli adhesins**

Solution Structure of Escherichia coli PapI, a Key Regulator of the Pap Pili Phase Variation

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