“…Among brain cells, glia account for roughly 50%, depending on the context, being involved in all brain functions from neurogenesis and synaptogenesis to homeostasis and defense (Augusto-Oliveira et al, 2020 , 2021b ). These cells orchestrate neural plasticity in response to pollutant neurotoxicity, driving beneficial or deleterious responses depending on numerous factors including duration and frequency of pollutant exposure, body burden, and age, among others (Arrifano et al, 2021 ; de Paula Arrifano et al, 2023 ; Leal-Nazaré et al, 2024 ).…”