“…In the case of Tehran, the capital of Iran, rapid population growth and its pivotal role in the country's economy have led to numerous challenges [ [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] ]. Among these challenges, spatial inequality and limited access to public facilities, including leisure spaces, pose significant issues for the majority of citizens [ 62 , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] ].…”