Micro- and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats — A review

Peng, Licheng; Fu, Dongdong; Qi, Huaiyuan; Lan, Christopher Q.; Yu, Han‐Qing; Ge, Chengjun

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134254

Cited by 554 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…Polymerized HOCs (e.g., polyvinyl chloride [PVC], neoprene) are excluded from state persistence criteria due to low toxicity (Ecology 2014). However, as pointed out by Cousins et al (2019), increased wildlife mortality has been observed by entanglement with marine plastic debris or uptake of micro‐ and nanoplastic degradation products (including certain polymerized HOCs, e.g., PVC) (e.g., Peng et al 2020). In particular, Jambeck et al (2015) have noted that waste management by burying or burning waste was sufficient for inert or biodegradable waste historically, but a rapid growth of synthetic plastics in the waste stream requires a paradigm shift.…”

Section: Washington State Hazardous Waste Regulations: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Persistent Chemicals in Hazardous Waste: A Case Study of Washington State, USA

Leang

Meyer

Manahan

et al. 2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Despite ongoing controversy, several strategic frameworks for defining chemicals of concern (e.g., persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic [PBT]; persistent, mobile, toxic [PMT]; persistent organic pollutant [POP]) share persistence as a key criterion. Persistence should be considered over the entire chemical life cycle from production to disposal, including hazardous waste management. As a case study, we evaluate persistence criteria in hazardous waste regulations in Washington state, USA, illustrate impacts on reported waste, and propose refinements in these criteria. Although Washington state defines persistence based on half‐life (>1 y) and specific chemical groups that exceed summed concentration thresholds in waste (i.e., >0.01% halogenated organic compounds [HOCs] and >1.0% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]), persistence is typically addressed with HOC and PAH evaluation but seldom with half‐life estimation. Notably, persistence is considered (with no specific criteria) in corresponding federal regulations in the United States (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act). Consequently, businesses in Washington state report annual amounts of state hazardous waste (including persistent waste) separately from federal hazardous waste. Total state‐only waste, and total state and federal waste combined, nearly doubled (by weight) from 2008 to 2018. For the period 2016 to 2018, persistence criteria captured 17% of state‐only waste and 2% of total state and federal waste combined. Two recommendations are proposed to improve persistence criteria in hazardous waste regulations. First, Washington state should consider aligning its half‐life criterion with federal and European Union PBT definitions (e.g., 60–120 d) for consistency and provide specific methods for half‐life estimation. Second, the state should consider expanding its list of persistent chemical groups (e.g., siloxanes, organometallics) with protective concentration thresholds. Ultimately, to the extent possible, Washington state should strive toward harmonizing persistence in hazardous waste regulations with corresponding criteria in global PBT, PMT, and POP frameworks. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:455–464. © 2020 SETAC

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Section: Washington State Hazardous Waste Regulations: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Persistent Chemicals in Hazardous Waste: A Case Study of Washington State, USA

Leang

Meyer

Manahan

et al. 2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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“…Plastic materials are ubiquitous in our everyday life, which accounts for a global production of plastics of around 360 million tons in 2018 [11], of which more than 60% are disposed [12,13]. As a consequence, pollution from plastics is impressive, resulting in the diffusion of microplastics into soil [14,15], oceans [16,17], crustaceans [18] and rain [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

Liguori

Moreno‐Marrodán

Barbaro

2021

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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Metal-catalysed depolymerisation of plastics to reusable building blocks, including monomers, oligomers or added-value chemicals, is an attractive tool for the recycling and valorisation of these materials. The present manuscript shortly reviews the most significant contributions that appeared in the field within the period January 2010–January 2020 describing selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective processes, acid–base treatments as well as the production of fuels are not discussed, nor are the methods for the further upgrade of the depolymerisation products.

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“…Microplastic (MP) has been observed almost everywhere in nature and is present in riverine, estuarine, coastal, and ocean waters (Rochman, 2018;Peng et al, 2020). The particles are released to nature either as individual small particles (primary MP) or during degradation and fragmentation of larger pieces of plastic (secondary MP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flocculation of PVC Microplastic and Fine-Grained Cohesive Sediment at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations

Andersen

Rominikan

Olsen

et al. 2021

The Biological Bulletin

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Microplastic particles have become ubiquitous in aquatic environments and can be found in large numbers in riverine, estuarine, and marine settings at the surface of water, in suspension, and as particles deposited at the bed. The transport and settling behavior of small microplastic particles is likely very dependent on interactions with other suspended particles. Here we show from settling tube experiments conducted in the laboratory that fragments and threads of polyvinylchloride microplastic in the size range of 63-125 mm readily flocculated with fine-grained natural sediment under relative particle number concentrations that can be observed in nature in high-turbidity estuarine and coastal environments. The implication of this flocculation is that the microplastic particles are suspended and transported incorporated in aggregates that settle faster than the individual microplastic particles. This is causing a continuous sedimentation of microplastic particles in estuarine and marine settings, resulting in increased microplastic loading for benthic life in these environments.

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Micro- and nano-plastics in marine environment: Source, distribution and threats — A review

Cited by 554 publications

References 138 publications

Regulation of Persistent Chemicals in Hazardous Waste: A Case Study of Washington State, USA

Regulation of Persistent Chemicals in Hazardous Waste: A Case Study of Washington State, USA

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

Flocculation of PVC Microplastic and Fine-Grained Cohesive Sediment at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations

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