Micro-Scale Surface Patterning of Titanium Dental Implants by Anodization in the Presence of Modifying Salts

Abstract

The bone-implant interface influences peri-implant bone healing and osseointegration. Among various nano-engineering techniques used for titanium surface modification, anodization is a simple, high-throughput and low-cost process, resulting in a nanoporous oxide coating which can promote osseointegration and impart antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. We anodized rounded tip dental implants of commercial grade titanium in aqueous phosphoric acid modified with calcium and potassium acetate, and characterized the resulting surface morphology and composition with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirmed successful nanoscale morphology modification. Additionally, the metal cations of the used salts were incorporated into the porous coating together with phosphate, which can be convenient for osseointegration. The proposed method for surface nanostructuring of titanium alloy could allow for fabrication of dental implants with improved biocompatibility in the next stage of research.

Surface Properties and Biocompatibility of Anodized Titanium with a Potential Pretreatment for Biomedical Applications

“…Without pretreatment, anodization will only produce microporous on the Ti surface, which is formed from immersion with NaOH at high temperatures for a long time [10,[18][19][20]. Several studies have shown that anodization can produce a nano-surface [21,22]. Our previous study [10] also demonstrated that the Ti subjected to the HF pretreatment with different current densities showed the formation of a hierarchical porous (micro and nano-porous) surface.…”

Silver-Deposited Nanoparticles on the Titanium Nanotubes Surface as a Promising Antibacterial Material into Implants

“…TiO 2 nanotubes may undergo specific changes by changing the anodizing process conditions, such as pH, temperature, applied potential, current density, anodizing time, acid concentration, and different morphological parameters (height, surface, and diameter) [33]. Usually, the anodizing of titanium is done by introducing it in an aqueous or organic electrolytic medium (in the component of which fluorine ions are found), applying a constant voltage [34]. Therefore, due to the incorporation of fluoride into the anodizing electrolyte, the increased surface roughness and the ability to stimulate mechanically, NTT cells are compatible with bone cell function, even in the absence of drugs [35].…”

Smoking Cessation on Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status: A Systematic Review

“…In particular, smoking is also considered among the main risk factors for the onset of periodontitis [ 21 , 22 ]. Similarly, peri-implantitis, which is a microbially initiated destructive inflammation of the tissues surrounding dental implants which eventually determines bone loss until implant loss [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], shares common etiopathogenic pathways with periodontitis [ 30 ] and is also negatively affected by habitual smoking [ 31 , 32 ].…”