“…Among these, 45 review papers have been published with “forward osmosis” in the title ( Figure 1 ). These review papers cover the topics of membrane design [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], fouling mitigation [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], draw solutes design and recovery [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], system design [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], and applications [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Prior studies on FO membrane fabrication placed a lot of focus on porous substrate optimization to reduce the internal concentration polarization (ICP), a factor that causes a significant loss of driving force.…”