Microalgae Chlorella as a Sustainable Feedstock for Bioethanol Production

Abdulla, Rahmath; King, Tan Kah; Jambo, Siti Azmah; Faik, Ainol Azifa Mohd

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7260-5_7

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Hal ini menandakan bahwa, sudah berhentinya masa pertumbuhan mikroalga di rentang waktu H10-21. Menurut Abdulla et al, (2019) fase tersebut dinamakan fase stasioner, yang terjadi akibat menipisnya nutrien dalam medium. Hal tersebut dapat memengaruhi kemampuan pembelahan sel dan perlahan-lahan mati, karena medium tidak sanggup lagi memberikan kondisi tumbuh bagi kultur.…”

Section: Kurva Pertumbuhan C Variabilisunclassified

Produksi dan uji aktivitas enzim fatty acid photodecarboxylase dari Chlorella variabilis melalui kultivasi pada medium CYT dan KW21

FARAMITHA¹,

PARAMITA²,

FITRIYAH³

et al. 2022

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Chlorella variabilis is the microalgae that produce fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP) enzymes which can catalyze the decarboxylation of long chain fatty acids into hydrocarbons through a process that is influenced by blue light. However, CvFAP enzyme content in C. variabilis is relatively small and the ability of the enzyme as a biocatalyst needs to be optimized. This study aims to compare the effect of C. variabilis microalgae cultivation medium types, particularly: 1) C medium, yeast extract, and tryptone (CYT medium), and 2) KW21 medium which is a commercial marine algae culture medium, on microalgae growth and the resulting protein. In addition, the CvFAP enzyme extract from each medium was proven for its ability to convert long-chain fatty acids into pentadecane by optimizing variations in substrate type, enzyme concentration, and incubation time. C. variabiliswas cultivated for 2-3 weeks with a ratio of light and dark lighting time of 8:16 (hours/hours). The protein content of C. variabilis was determined using the Lowry method. Proteins were extracted physico-chemically and enzyme activity assay were carried out under conditions of exposure to blue light. The pentadecane content formed from the enzyme activity assay was measured using GC-MS. The study results showed that microalgae growth and protein content of C. variabilis were higher in the CYT medium compare to those in KW21 medium. The protein band appears at 67-68 kDA whichis speculated to affect the ternary complex bond between FAP-FAD-FA, which is a determinant of the results in the enzyme activity assay process in accumulating hydrocarbons. Meanwhile, the CvFAP enzyme activity assay results showed that the CvFAP enzyme extract from the KW21 medium treatment tended to produce pentadecane with a higher concentration than the CYT medium (2.8 times). AbstrakMikroalga Chlorella variabilis menghasilkan enzim fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP) yang dapat mengkatalisis proses dekarboksilasi asam lemak rantai panjang menjadi biohidrokarbon melalui proses yang dipengaruhi oleh cahaya biru. Akan tetapi, kandungan enzim CvFAP pada C. variabilis relatif kecil dan kemampuan enzim tersebut sebagai biokatalis perlu dioptimasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh jenis medium kultivasi mikroalga C. variabilis, yaitu: 1) medium C, ekstrak ragi, dan tripton (medium CYT) dan 2) medium KW21 yang merupakan medium kultur alga komersial, terhadap pertumbuhan mikroalga dan protein yang dihasilkan. Selain itu, ekstrak enzim CvFAP dari tiap perlakuan medium diuji kemampuannya dalam mengkonversi asam lemak rantai panjang menjadi pentadekana melalui optimasi variasi jenis substrat, konsentrasi enzim, dan waktu inkubasi. C. variabilis dikultivasi selama 2-3 minggu dengan rasio waktu pencahayaan terang dan gelap 8:16 (jam/ jam). Protein diekstrak secara fisika kimia dan uji aktivitas enzim dilakukan dalam kondisi diberi paparan cahaya biru. Kandungan pentadekana yang terbentuk dari uji aktivitas enzim diukur menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan mikroalga dan kandungan protein C. variabilis lebih tinggi pada medium CYT dibanding medium KW21. Band protein muncul tipis pada 67-68 kDA yang diduga dapat memengaruhi ikatan kompleks terner antara FAP-FAD-FA, yang merupakan penentu hasil pada proses uji aktivitas enzim dalam mengakumulasi hidrokarbon. Sementara itu, hasil uji aktivitas enzim CvFAP menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak enzim CvFAP dari perlakuan medium KW21 cenderung menghasilkan pentadekana dengan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dibanding medium CYT (2,8 kali lipat).

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Section: Kurva Pertumbuhan C Variabilisunclassified

Produksi dan uji aktivitas enzim fatty acid photodecarboxylase dari Chlorella variabilis melalui kultivasi pada medium CYT dan KW21

FARAMITHA¹,

PARAMITA²,

FITRIYAH³

et al. 2022

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“…The production of bioethanol from microalgal biomass is mainly based on fermentation processes that use fermentable sugars present in both microalgal cell walls, intercellular matrices ( Harun and Danquah, 2011 ) and extracellular carbohydrates ( Goo et al, 2013 ). Despite the production of third generation bioethanol derived from extra-and intracellular carbohydrates in microalgal biomass still being in developmental stages, it is expected to be the benchmark for the expansion and improvement of biofuels for years to come ( Abdulla et al, 2020 ). Since biomass generation also plays a central role in the process of bioethanol generation, as already discussed in 3.1., even low concentrations of MPs contaminants (0.5 mg L −1 ), can potentially cause a severe impact on its biotechnology.…”

Section: Extracellular Carbohydrates Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of microplastics pollution in microalgal biomass production: A biochemical study

et al. 2020

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Microplastics (MPs) are widely spread throughout aquatic systems and water bodies. Given that water quality is one of the most important parameters in the microalgal-based industry, it is critical to assess the biochemical impact of short-and long-term exposure to MPs pollution. Here, the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was exposed to water contaminated with 0.5 and 50 mg L −1 of polystyrene (PS) and/or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Results show that the microalgal cultures exposed to lower concentrations of PS displayed a growth enhancement of up to 73% in the first stage (days 3-9) of the exponential growth phase. Surprisingly, and despite the fact that long-term exposure to MPs contamination did not impair microalgal growth, a steep decrease in biomass production (of up to 82%) was observed. The production of photosynthetic pigments was shown to be pH-correlated during the full growth cycle, but cell density-independent in later stages of culturing. The extracellular carbohydrates production exhibited a major decrease during long-term exposure. Still, the production of extracellular proteins was not affected by the presence of MPs. This pilot laboratory-scale study shows that the microalgal exposure to water contaminated with MPs disturbs its biochemical equilibrium in a time-dependent manner, decreasing biomass production. Thus, microalgal industry-related consequences derived from the use of MPs-contaminated water are a plausible possibility.

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“…The production of bioethanol from microalgae gained importance due to their high biomass productivity, diversity, variable chemical composition, and high photosynthetic rates of these organisms [53]. Due to the large amount of carbohydrates/polysaccharides and cellulose walls, these microorganisms become favorable for the production of this biofuel [54,55]. In many countries, ethanol is produced on a large scale from crops containing sugars and starches in its composition through fermentation.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concepts and Trends for Extraction and Application of Microalgae Carbohydrates

Souza¹,

Sanchez-Barrios²,

Rizzetti³

et al. 2020

Microalgae - From Physiology to Application

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The proposed chapter aims to provide a more in-depth explanation of the composition of carbohydrates in microalgae biomass, focusing on separation methods, chemistry, molecular characterization, as well as their application in several areas. The purpose of this review chapter is to show that biological products from microalgae have potential in health, food, and industry applications (materials and biofuel production). Steps for extraction and purification will be discussed, as well as the relationship between the type of microalgae and its composition, as a way of optimizing protocol selection and product making, without breaking down the cell to begin with (total carbohydrate extraction present in the cell). An overall overview of the current and prospective trends and methodologies for the use of microalgae carbohydrate will be included as starting points to shed light on some of the possible issues that currently do not allow the development and feasibility of microalgae biorefineries.

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Microalgae Chlorella as a Sustainable Feedstock for Bioethanol Production

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Produksi dan uji aktivitas enzim fatty acid photodecarboxylase dari Chlorella variabilis melalui kultivasi pada medium CYT dan KW21

Produksi dan uji aktivitas enzim fatty acid photodecarboxylase dari Chlorella variabilis melalui kultivasi pada medium CYT dan KW21

The effect of microplastics pollution in microalgal biomass production: A biochemical study

Concepts and Trends for Extraction and Application of Microalgae Carbohydrates

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