“…An increasing area of interest in TDD is the use of microneedle arrays (MNs), also known as microarray patches, to mechanically breach the SC, epidermis and superficial dermis, therefore bypassing the skin's natural barrier function. 22–25 A number of different MN technologies exist including hollow, 26–28 coated, 29,30 dissolving, 31,32 hydrogel forming, 33,34 and solid MNs. 35–38 Solid MNs consist of sub-millimetre protrusions usually fabricated from metal or silicon.…”