Microbeam X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis of Chinese blue-and-white kraak porcelain dating from the Ming dynasty

Raman identification of the different glazing technologies of Blue-and-White Ming porcelains

“…Nevertheless, the calculation of the polymerisation indices directly linked to the melting temperature of the vitreous silicates 21,[36][37][38] shows that the two types of enamels (alkaline or rich in calcium) have been fired at different temperatures The double glazing technique could explain why Kraak wares 47,48 from shipwrecks maintain their high gloss although other porcelain samples become pitted and glossfree.…”

Position-Sensitive Bulk and Surface Element Analysis of Decorated Porcelain Artifacts

“…Most of the PGAA data [ 18 , 19 ] reported in the literature are bulk concentrations, and few attempts were made for any spatial or surface-bulk discrimination. Further, the 2D XRF scanning methodology [ 20 , 21 ] is mostly applied to flat shreds [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], while in this work, we attempted to extend XRF scanning to non-flat objects by driving the positioner with a digital mesh geometry obtained by 3D optical scanning.…”

An insight into the firing conditions of Chinese blue-and-white porcelain through XANES

“…Archaeometry studies focusing on Chinese ceramics have been ongoing since the mid-20th century until our days. 4,6–12 Analytical techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), have been used for compositional analysis of glazes, colourants and ceramic bodies, helping to create a consistent collection of data regarding this ceramic production. 13–15 The investigation of the cobalt sources has been an essential topic for establishing a direct relationship between the cobalt-bearing minerals used as raw materials for the blue pigment production.…”

“…22 Synchrotron radiation-based techniques revealed technological aspects regarding the blue colour, which results from a combination of cobalt aluminate spinel-type structures and Co 2+ ions. 8,9,11 The investigation of the blue coloured area's stratigraphy has shown that blue cobalt aluminate particles are present close to the ceramic body/glaze interface while Co 2+ ions are mainly dispersed throughout the glaze. 8,11 Only one study identified the presence of a combination of Co 2+ and Co 3+ in Chinese blue and white porcelain dating from different periods.…”

“…8,9,11 The investigation of the blue coloured area's stratigraphy has shown that blue cobalt aluminate particles are present close to the ceramic body/glaze interface while Co 2+ ions are mainly dispersed throughout the glaze. 8,11 Only one study identified the presence of a combination of Co 2+ and Co 3+ in Chinese blue and white porcelain dating from different periods. 23 The variation of the blue shade has been investigated by analysing cobalt spinels with different combinations of other transition metals, such as manganese and iron.…”