Microbial antigen in human milk: a natural vaccine?

Elsen, Lieke W J van den; Kollmann, Tobias; Verhasselt, Valérie

doi:10.1038/s41385-022-00561-4

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…Human milk possesses many relevant immunomodulators including HMOs and antibodies ( 1 ). Current investigations also indicate that milk contains antigen fragments, believed to help develop and train the immune response in infants ( 75 , 76 ). Previously, it was believed that the memory of the immune system was confined to the adaptive immune cells, and only developed as a response to infectious encounters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response to Staphylococcus aureus

Jepsen,

Lund,

Matwiejuk

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are present in high numbers in milk of lactating women. They are beneficial to gut health and the habitant microbiota, but less is known about their effect on cells from the immune system. In this study, we investigated the direct effect of three structurally different HMOs on human derived macrophages before challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The study demonstrates that individual HMO structures potently affect the activation, differentiation and development of monocyte-derived macrophages in response to S. aureus. 6´-Sialyllactose (6’SL) had the most pronounced effect on the immune response against S. aureus, as illustrated by altered expression of macrophage surface markers, pointing towards an activated M1-like macrophage-phenotype. Similarly, 6’SL increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and IL-1β, when exposing cells to 6’SL in combination with S. aureus compared with S. aureus alone. Interestingly, macrophages treated with 6’SL exhibited an altered proliferation profile and increased the production of the classic M1 transcription factor NF-κB. The HMOs also enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and uptake of S. aureus. Importantly, the different HMOs did not notably affect macrophage activation and differentiation without S. aureus exposure. Together, these findings show that HMOs can potently augment the immune response against S. aureus, without causing inflammatory activation in the absence of S. aureus, suggesting that HMOs assist the immune system in targeting important pathogens during early infancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response to Staphylococcus aureus

Jepsen,

Lund,

Matwiejuk

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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The mark of success: The role of vaccine-induced skin scar formation for BCG and smallpox vaccine-associated clinical benefits

Bæk,

Schaltz-Buchholzer,

Campbell

et al. 2024

Semin Immunopathol

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Skin scar formation following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or smallpox (Vaccinia) vaccination is an established marker of successful vaccination and ‘vaccine take’. Potent pathogen-specific (tuberculosis; smallpox) and pathogen-agnostic (protection from diseases unrelated to the intentionally targeted pathogen) effects of BCG and smallpox vaccines hold significant translational potential. Yet despite their use for centuries, how scar formation occurs and how local skin-based events relate to systemic effects that allow these two vaccines to deliver powerful health promoting effects has not yet been determined. We review here what is known about the events occurring in the skin and place this knowledge in the context of the overall impact of these two vaccines on human health with a particular focus on maternal-child health.

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Per Os to Protection – Targeting the Oral Route to Enhance Immune-mediated Protection from Disease of the Human Newborn

Verhasselt,

Marchant,

Kollmann

2024

Journal of Molecular Biology

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Microbial antigen in human milk: a natural vaccine?

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response to Staphylococcus aureus

Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response to Staphylococcus aureus

The mark of success: The role of vaccine-induced skin scar formation for BCG and smallpox vaccine-associated clinical benefits

Per Os to Protection – Targeting the Oral Route to Enhance Immune-mediated Protection from Disease of the Human Newborn

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