Microbial Biotransformation for the Production of Steroid Medicament

Rokade, Rutuja; Ravindran, Selvan; Singh, Pooja; Suthar, Jitendra Kumar

doi:10.5772/intechopen.75149

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Expression of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) or recombinant interferon alfa-2b (rIFNα-2b) by Pichia pastoris was found to be maintained after 11 days of growth which is close to the duration of many industrial processes with duration lasting from 7 to 30 days. Success of this study establishes the feasibility of use of perfusion-capable bioreactors to study impact of perfusion culture on expression and process optimization of many other microbial systems [38] at microfluidic levels, thus saving the initial process development costs [39].…”

Section: Perfusion and Microbioreactorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture

Ravindran¹,

Singh²,

Nene³

et al. 2019

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

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Screening for novel producer strains and enhanced therapeutic production at reduced cost has been the focus of most of the biopharmaceutical industries. The obligation to carry out prolonged intensive pilot scale experiments gave birth to micro-scale bioreactor systems. Screening large number of microorganisms using shake flasks and benchtop bioreactors is tedious and consumes resources. Microbioreactors that mimic benchtop bioreactors are capable not only of high throughput screening of producer strains, but also aid in optimizing the growth kinetics and expression of proteins. Modern technology has enabled the collection of precise online data for variables such as optical density (OD), pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and adjusting in mixing inside microreactors. Microbioreactors have become an irreplaceable tool for biochemical engineers and biotechnologists to perform a large number of experiments simultaneously. Another aspect that is vital to any industry is the product yield and subsequent downstream processing. Perfusion bioreactors are one of the upcoming advances in bioreactor systems that have the potential to revolutionize biologics production. This chapter intends to take a review of different aspects of microbioreactors and perfusion bioreactors including their potential in high throughput pilot studies and microbial and mammalian cell cultivation technologies.

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Section: Perfusion and Microbioreactorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture

Ravindran¹,

Singh²,

Nene³

et al. 2019

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

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“…Upon successful completion of pharmacological and toxicological studies, the desired phytochemicals can be scaled up using bioreactors with the aid of microorganisms [17] or a methodology can be developed to synthesize the compounds by biological methods [18].…”

Section: Drug Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Phytochemicals

Dixit¹,

Tiwari²,

Bose³

et al. 2021

Drug Metabolism

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Several phytochemicals have been developed as medicinal compounds. Extensive research has recently been conducted on phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, gallic acid, humulone, quercetin, rutin, diosgenin, allicin, gingerenone-A, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, and others. All of these phytochemicals are metabolized in the biological system. To study the metabolic pathways of phytochemicals, studies are done using both in vitro and in vivo techniques. Metabolism is critical in determining phytochemical bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness. Metabolism can occur in organs such as the intestine, liver, gut, and spleen. The metabolic process is aided by a variety of enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes found in the organs. This study outlines a few phytochemicals metabolic pathways. Tannic acid, ellagic acid, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol are selected and explained as examples.

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“…: 63-05-8), also known as 4-AD or only AD, is an androgen produced by the human body in the adrenal glands, as well as in the testicles and ovaries. Its importance is related to the human body’s ability to convert androstenedione into other hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The AD derivative in the human body is produced from cholesterol. It can also be produced from phytosterols outside the body by a chemical or biochemical route [ 1 ]. In the biochemical route, first, the 3-hydroxyl-5-ene moiety of sterols is oxidized by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Rokade et al [ 1 ], there are limitations in the use of phytosterols as a substrate to produce AD, such as the low solubility of phytosterols in water and the degradation of the steroid core, which can lead to androstadienedione (ADD) or 9-hydroxy-androstenedione (9-OHAD) formation. Thus, the development of new techniques and biotechnological advances is important to increase AD productivity from phytosterols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study

et al. 2022

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Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androstadienedione) exceeds 1000 tons per year, which stimulates the pharmaceutical industry’s search for newer and cheaper raw materials to produce steroidal compounds. In light of this interest, we aimed to investigate the progress of AD biosynthesis from phytosterols by prospecting scientific articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases) and patents (USPTO database). A wide variety of articles and patents involving AD and phytosterol were found in the last few decades, resulting in 108 relevant articles (from January 2000 to December 2021) and 23 patents of interest (from January 1976 to December 2021). The separation of these documents into macro, meso, and micro categories revealed that most studies (articles) are performed in China (54.8%) and in universities (76%), while patents are mostly granted to United States companies. It also highlights the fact that AD production studies are focused on “process improvement” techniques and on possible modifications of the “microorganism” involved in biosynthesis (64 and 62 documents, respectively). The most-reported “process improvement” technique is “chemical addition” (40%), which means that the addition of solvents, surfactants, cofactors, inducers, ionic liquids, etc., can significantly increase AD production. Microbial genetic modifications stand out in the “microorganism” category because this strategy improves AD yield considerably. These documents also revealed the main aspects of AD and ADD biosynthesis: Mycolicibacterium sp. (basonym: Mycobacterium sp.) (40%) and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (known previously as Mycobacterium neoaurum) (32%) are the most recurrent species studied. Microbial incubation temperatures can vary from 29 °C to 37 °C; incubation can last from 72 h to 14 days; the mixture is agitated at 140 to 220 rpm; vegetable oils, mainly soybean, can be used as the source of a mixture of phytosterols. In general, the results obtained in the present technological prospecting study are fundamental to mapping the possibilities of AD biosynthesis process optimization, as well as to identifying emerging technologies and methodologies in this scenario.

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Microbial Biotransformation for the Production of Steroid Medicament

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture

Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture

Metabolism of Phytochemicals

Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study

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