“…In order to optimise energy production in MFCs, it is crucial to carefully examine these parameters while constructing and operating MFCs. 1,3,41,[50][51][52][53][54][55] MFCs generate energy from a variety of rened and unre-ned substrates, including domestic and industrial wastewater, molasses, dairy, oil reneries, textile dye industry, tannery, breweries, food industry e.g., chocolate making, paper industry, etc. 1,56,57 MFCs may be utilized for a variety of applications, such as biosensors, environmental monitoring, [58][59][60][61] onsite power production in remote regions and removing contaminants from groundwater in addition to wastewater treatment and energy production.…”