Microbial Production of 3‐Hydroxypropionic Acid from Renewable Sources: A Green Approach as an Alternative to Conventional Chemistry

Bio-based 3-hydroxypropionic Acid: A Review

“…The last reaction produces one ATP. The same pathway is also present in Klebsiella pneumoniae [8,10].…”

“…The former strategy would reduce the overall rate of production. Therefore, the latter is considered more desirable [10,20].…”

“…On the other hand, the glycerol metabolism has not been reported in P. denitrificans. Furthermore, this organism has not been studied as a recombinant host and no genetic tool box for this strain is available [2,10]. Another approach to solve the problem is to use B 12 -independent glycerol dehydratase from Clostridium butyricum [21,22].…”

“…On the other hand, with glycerol as a substrate, detailed information on the relevant genes, enzymes and biochemical pathways are well documented. Therefore, the challenges for commercial 3-HP production are described with particular focus on the latter substrate, glycerol, these will be discussed detailed in the next sections [2,10].…”

“…The natural microorganism cannot fulfill these criteria. Therefore metabolic engineering and genetically engineered microorganism are necessary to make the biochemical production of 3-HP commercially available [2,10].…”