Microbial risk assessment in recreational freshwaters from southern Brazil

Girardi, Viviane; Mena, Kristina D.; Albino, Suelen Marin; Demoliner, Meriane; Gularte, Juliana Schons; Souza, Fernanda Gil de; Rigotto, Caroline; Quevedo, Daniela Müller de; Schneider, Vânia Elisabete; Paesi, Suelen; Tarwater, Patrick M.; Spilki, Fernando Rosado

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.177

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a useful tool that has been used for almost 40 years to estimate human health risks associated with exposures to pathogens in different environmental matrices ( Haas et al, 2014 ). QMRA has been applied to assess health risks associated with bioaerosols ( Carducci et al, 2018 ), drinking water ( Petterson and Ashbolt, 2016 ), reclaimed water ( Zaneti et al, 2012a , Zaneti et al, 2012b , Zaneti et al, 2013 ), recreational waters ( Girardi et al, 2019 ; Gularte et al, 2019 ), irrigation water ( Ezzat, 2020 ), and sewage ( Kozak et al, 2020 ). Recent publications have encouraged the application of QMRA based on previous studies of relevant respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, to assess the likelihood of adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 associated with sewage exposure ( Haas, 2020 ; Kitajima et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants

Zaneti¹,

Girardi

Spilki

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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117

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Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 10 2 . Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 10 1 to 5.23 × 10 3 GC·mL −1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL −1 , respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10 −3 and 1.3 × 10 −2 , respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10 −4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants

Zaneti¹,

Girardi

Spilki

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

Self Cite

117

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“…HAdVs carried by recreational waters have been reported in different regions of Brazil [28], [29], [30], [31], [32]. Vieira et al.…”

Section: Adenovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Don’t put your head under water’: enteric viruses in Brazilian recreational waters

Girardi

Demoliner

Gularte

et al. 2019

New Microbes and New Infections

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Like in many other countries, virologic analyses are not routinely performed in Brazil in monitoring water quality for recreational purposes. We surveyed current research regarding viral contamination of recreational water environments in Brazil. Among the enteric viruses studied in Brazilian recreational waters, we highlight adenoviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses. Although there has been relatively little research on outbreaks related to bathing in recreational water environments in Brazil, noroviruses and adenoviruses are the viruses that are most often related to outbreaks. Better surveillance of the occurrence of enteric viruses in water could improve the assessment of risk to human health as well as indicate the sources of contamination and thus demonstrate the importance of adequate environmental sanitation.

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“…Enteric virus analysis HAdV-C and HAdV-F and other species of AdV were performed in the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil. All water samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation method (Girardi et al, 2019). Aliquots of 36 ml were centrifuged, and the precipitates were resuspended with 1 ml of Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0).…”

Section: Editor's Choice-short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, there is a strong evidence that HAdVs may contribute to gastroenteritis outbreaks. Indeed, it was shown that the number of reported of cases of diarrheal diseases coincides with the presence of HAdV-F in recreational freshwaters (Girardi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Editor's Choice-short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of human adenoviruses in a beach area of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil

Roveri

Guimarães

Correia

et al. 2020

Water Environment Research

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Along the coastal zone of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, diffuse discharges that flow directly to tourist beaches are responsible for introducing various pathogens into recreational waters. The objective of this study was to analyze, for the first time, the presence of protozoa (Cryptosporidium ssp and Giardia ssp), as well as human mastadenoviruses (HAdV–species C and F) and other species of adenoviruses (AdV) in beach drainage channels of Enseada and Perequê, municipality of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. Protozoa were not detected in any sample over the course of the 11‐month study. In relation to HAdVs, 100% (n = 22) of the water samples presented contamination by at least one type of virus (C, D, or F species), suggesting potential risks to the public health following recreational exposure of beach users to these waters. Practitioner points First report on the presence of human adenoviruses in urban drainage channels in the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Urban surface water runoff is responsible for introducing human adenoviruses linked to disease outbreaks in areas of intense recreation. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were below the limit of detection for all analyzed samples. However, all sites were positive for at least one of the viral species (HAdV–C, HAdV–D, or HAdV–F). Viral loads found in the water were similar to those commonly found in the wastewater.

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Microbial risk assessment in recreational freshwaters from southern Brazil

Cited by 21 publications

References 42 publications

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants

‘Don’t put your head under water’: enteric viruses in Brazilian recreational waters

Occurrence of human adenoviruses in a beach area of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil

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