Microbial source tracking markers associated with domestic rainwater harvesting systems: Correlation to indicator organisms

Waso, Monique; Khan, S. Ajmal; Khan, Wesaal

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.043

Cited by 42 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In summary, results obtained in these studies indicate that MST markers correlate well with indicator organism analysis and assists in identifying the primary contamination sources of RHRW systems. 32,62,75 Understanding the source of contamination is crucial in the development of contamination prevention strategies and allows for the accurate estimation of the human health risk associated with utilizing a particular water source.…”

Section: Microbial Source Tracking In Roof-harvested Rainwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks

et al. 2019

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A broad body of literature has been published regarding roof-harvested rainwater quality around the world. In particular, the presence of fecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms has raised concerns regarding the acceptability of rainwater for potable and non-potable uses. As the use of molecular assays has improved understanding of the diverse microbial communities present in rainwater tanks and their role in providing benefits or harm to human health, a comprehensive review is needed to summarize the state of the science in this area. To provide a summary of microbial contaminants in rainwater tanks and contextual factors, a comprehensive review was conducted here to elucidate the uses of rainwater, factors affecting water quality, concentrations of fecal indicators and pathogens, the attribution of pathogens to host sources using microbial source tracking, microbial ecology, human health risks determined using epidemiological approaches and quantitative microbial risk assessment, and treatment approaches for mitigating risks. Research gaps were identified for pathogen concentration data, microbial source tracking approaches for identifying the sources of microbial contamination, limitations to current approaches for assessing viability, treatment, and maintenance practices. Frameworks should be developed to assess and prioritize these factors in order to optimize public health promotion for roof-harvested rainwater.

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Section: Microbial Source Tracking In Roof-harvested Rainwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks

et al. 2019

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“…It is thus well documented that the microbiological quality of RHRW is sub-standard and numerous research groups have reported on the detection of traditional indicator organisms (using culture-based analysis) such as total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci species in rainwater (Kaushik et al, 2014;Waso et al, 2018;Hamilton et al, 2019). While the analysis of the indicator groups is routine in water quality monitoring, amongst other pitfalls, a poor correlation has been recorded between traditional indicator organisms and potentially pathogenic microorganisms (Harwood et al, 2005(Harwood et al, , 2014Field and Samadpour, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This marker thus has high specificity for the detection of human faecal matter and sewage in environmental waters (Harwood et al, 2014). Similarly, both Lachnospiraceae and adenovirus have been investigated as indicators of sewage and faecal pollution in environmental waters and could therefore provide valuable information on the health risks associated with the use of various water sources (Newton et al, 2011;McLellan et al, 2013;Sidhu et al, 2013;Rusiñol et al, 2016;Waso et al, 2018). Quantitative PCR analyses were used to identify and quantify the target bacterial pathogens, MST markers and indicator groups, whereafter the health risk associated with the utilisation of the RHRW for potable and various domestic activities (e.g., cleaning the house, laundry, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators

et al. 2021

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Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) was investigated for the presence of the human pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), Yersinia spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). While Yersinia spp. were detected in 92% (n = 25) of the RHRW samples, and L. monocytogenes and M. tuberculosis were detected in 100% (n = 25) of the samples, a significantly higher mean concentration (1.4 × 103 cells/100 mL) was recorded for L. monocytogenes over the sampling period. As the identification of appropriate water quality indicators is crucial to ensure access to safe water sources, correlation of the pathogens to traditional indicator organisms [Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp.] and microbial source tracking (MST) markers (Bacteroides HF183, adenovirus and Lachnospiraceae) was conducted. A significant positive correlation was then recorded for E. coli versus L. monocytogenes (r = 0.6738; p = 0.000), and Enterococcus spp. versus the Bacteroides HF183 marker (r = 0.4071; p = 0.043), while a significant negative correlation was observed for M. tuberculosis versus the Bacteroides HF183 marker (r = −0.4558; p = 0.022). Quantitative microbial risk assessment indicated that the mean annual risk of infection posed by L. monocytogenes in the RHRW samples exceeded the annual infection risk benchmark limit (1 × 10–4 infections per person per year) for intentional drinking (∼10–4). In comparison, the mean annual risk of infection posed by E. coli was exceeded for intentional drinking (∼10–1), accidental consumption (∼10–3) and cleaning of the home (∼10–3). However, while the risk posed by M. tuberculosis for the two relevant exposure scenarios [garden hosing (∼10–5) and washing laundry by hand (∼10–5)] was below the benchmark limit, the risk posed by adenovirus for garden hosing (∼10–3) and washing laundry by hand (∼10–3) exceeded the benchmark limit. Thus, while the correlation analysis confirms that traditional indicators and MST markers should be used in combination to accurately monitor the pathogen-associated risk linked to the utilisation of RHRW, the integration of QMRA offers a more site-specific approach to monitor and estimate the human health risks associated with the use of RHRW.

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“…This type of coliform bacteria was present in rainwater because the rainwater might be contaminated with faecal coliform material deposited on the rooftop of the building by animals, rodent, or birds (28) or even due to environmental conditions surrounding the test site (29). In an unclean environment condition coliform bacteria able to multiply rapidly and contaminate the water (30).…”

Section: Coliform Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced rooftop rainwater harvesting quality through filtration using zeolite and activated carbon

2018

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This study aimed to investigate the quality of the rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) and to treat it for clean water supply alternative of Graha Rektorat building at State University of Malang, Indonesia. Different combinations of zeolite and activated carbon were used as filter media to treat the RRWH. Several parameters have tested to investigate the quality of RRWH based on Permenkes RI No. 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990. Most of the quality of the RRWH met clean water and drinking water standard. However, there were three parameters have to be reduced and required further treatment. The results showed T4 reduced TDS and coliform bacteria by 37% and 36%, while T5 eliminated organic substances (KMnO4) for 35%.

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Microbial source tracking markers associated with domestic rainwater harvesting systems: Correlation to indicator organisms

Cited by 42 publications

References 57 publications

A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks

A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks

Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators

Enhanced rooftop rainwater harvesting quality through filtration using zeolite and activated carbon

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