Microbiome Analysis Investigating the Impacts of Fermented Spent Mushroom Substrates on the Composition of Microbiota in Weaned Piglets Hindgut

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fermented spent mushroom substrates (FSMS) on growth performance, serum biochemical, gut digestive enzyme activity, microbial community, genes expression of tight junction proteins, and volatile fatty acids in the hindgut (colon and cecum) of weaned piglets. A total of 100 weaned Yihao native pigs (native × Duroc, 50 males and 50 females) were allocated to two groups with five replicates and 10 pigs per replicate. Pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet (BD group), and the others were fed basal diets supplemented with 3% FSMS (FSMS group). Relative to the BD group, it had better results for final weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio in the FSMS group but not significant ( p > 0.05), which was accompanied by improved serum triiodothyronine, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin A ( p < 0.05) but lower serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride during the overall period ( p < 0.05). Similarly, FSMS significantly upregulated ( p < 0.05) the messenger RNA expression of duodenal tight junction proteins such as tight junction protein 1, tight junction protein 2, and occludin. Meanwhile, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid levels were increased, whereas propanoic acid was decreased ( p < 0.05) in the FSMS group than the BD group. In addition, the piglets in the FSMS group changed the microbial diversity in the colon and cecum. 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based compositional analysis of the colonic and cecal microbiota showed differences in the relative abundance of bacterial phyla ( Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes , etc.), genus ( Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Roseburia , etc.), and species ( Lactobacillus gasseri, Clostridium disporicum , etc.) between the BD and FSMS fed piglets. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with FSMS benefited to the intestinal mucosal barrier, immunity, and composition of the microbiota.

Effects of Dietary Lentinus edodes Fermentation Supplementation on Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity and Morphology of the Liver and Intestine in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Fed High Plant Protein Diets

“…The overproduction of free radicals can produce adverse reactions in different tissues [34][35][36]. The liver is one of the susceptible tissues to oxidative stress [37].…”

Dietary Eucommia ulmoides Extract Alleviates the Effect of Cold Stress on Chick Growth Performance, Antioxidant and Immune Ability

“…Additionally, Flavonoids extracted from Chinese herbs could improve immune function and alleviate immune stress in broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide [ 75 ]. An animal’s systemic immune status may be reflected by the concentration of IgA, IgG, and serum IgM [ 76 ]. In the present study, the level of IgA (7 d, p < 0.05), IgG (7 d, p < 0.01; 15 d, p < 0.001), and IgM (15 d, p < 0.…”

Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value-added products

“…In addition, the – orally administered – hot water extract of SMS from Ganoderma lucidum exhibited enhanced murine immune function in mice [ 65 ]. Furthermore, the use of low amounts of SMS from P. ostreatus (up to 3.5%, w/w), Cordyceps militaris (0.2%, w/w), and L. edodes (3%, w/w) in pigs’ diet positively affected the feed intake and conversion, as well as the final weight and quality of meat deriving from trials [ 55 , 64 , 82 ]. C. militaris SMS resulted in increased immunoglobulin A and G, and glutathione peroxidase activities, while leukocytes, cholesterol and malondialdehyde contents were decreased [ 55 ].…”

“…C. militaris SMS resulted in increased immunoglobulin A and G, and glutathione peroxidase activities, while leukocytes, cholesterol and malondialdehyde contents were decreased [ 55 ]. Similarly, beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosal barrier, immunity, and the diversity and abundance of the bacteria in the colon and cecum were observed for weaned piglets when fed with L. edodes SMS [ 64 ]. It is noteworthy that SMC seems to be useful as a ‘behavior regulator’ in pigs; by having access to mushroom compost through a metal grid, pigs demonstrated significantly reduced negative behavior (e.g.…”

“…Inoculation of SMS with Lactobacillus , Bacillus , or Enterobacte r spp. ensures rapid acidification, and increases dry matter degradability and crude protein content [ 64 , 66 , 70 , 75 , 77 , 78 ].…”