additional parts, such as syringe pumps, control valves, and microscopes, which not only increase the complexity and cost of the system but also create a dependence of the system on a laboratorybased environment. Technology has now advanced so much that there are fully integrated sample-in-results-out chips for genetic analysis, [8] sensors that can detect a handful of molecules, and many other similar systems. [9] Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated LOC systems can be developed using CMOS technologies as sensors, signal conditioners, data processing circuitry, actuators, and wireless communication capabilities. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] CMOS is a set of microfabrication and nanofabrication processes, which is used to manufacture semiconductor chips present inside computer, smartphone, or any electronic gadgets. Consequently, these chips are referred to as CMOS enabled or CMOS based chips. CMOS based chips can act as a processor, memory, and digital logic circuitry for data management. In this review, we will discuss how CMOS based devices have enabled both management of data from microfluidic devices as well as sensors and actuators to help complement the functionality of LOC devices. CMOS logics are simple to make, and consume little to no current in idle state. With the advancements in Moore's law we have seen the size of CMOS devices getting smaller and smaller allowing for more functionality to fit in a smaller area. [18] CMOS plays a significant role in the realization of portable and versatile microfluidic platforms by integrating them with microscale sensors, interfaces, and actuators to form autonomous hybrid systems. [10,12,16] Adding interface electronics to the same CMOS chip as sensors, actuators, data processing, and communication capabilities creates a universal platform for LOC technologies. Having signal amplification and noise removal right at the sensor interface without any signal loss makes the device output more accurate and sensitive, and also removes parasitic and mismatch errors. [1] By using CMOScompatible processes, it is possible to interface directly with the readout circuitry to form an integrated circuit system on a single chip. Signal acquisition from a large array of sensors to a single system requires a complex integration scheme, but CMOS microfabrication processes enable the integration of analogue multiplexers with biosensors on small dice. [19] CMOS also has the capability to actuate pumps and valves in microfluidic devices or to directly influence the fluid itself using electric With the increased global population, it is more important than ever to expand accessibility to affordable personalized healthcare. In this context, a seamless integration of microfluidic technology for bioanalysis and drug delivery and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology enabled data-management circuitry is critical. Therefore, here, the fundamentals, integration aspects, and applications of CMOS-enabled microfluidic systems for affordable persona...
