Microextraction in Packed Sorbent for Analysis of Sulfonamides in Poultry Litter Wastewater Samples by Liquid Chromatography and Spectrophotometric Detection

Abstract

& Rapid and sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of sulfonamides (sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfamethoxazole) in poultry litter wastewater samples by microextraction packed sorbent (C8) and liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection (MEPS=LC) analysis. We evaluated how MEPS variables, such as the pH extraction, draw-eject cycles, ionic strength, and desorption conditions (solvent and solvent volume) affected extraction performance, to obtain a more efficient extraction process in the proposed method. The proposed MEPS=LC method presented linear range at concentrations from 5.0 ng mL À1 (Limit of quantification -LOQ) to 200 ng mL À1 , inter-day precision with coefficient of variation lower than 8%, correlation coefficient greater than 0.998; the extraction phase C8 was used. On the basis of analytical validation, the MEPS=LC methodology can be used to analyze sulfonamides in poultry litter wastewater samples.

Carbon-Based Sorbent Coatings for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Compounds by Bar Adsorptive Microextraction

“…As it can be observed, the developed methodology using BAμE devices coated with sucrose-based hydrochar presents similar or better recovery yields than other miniaturized enrichment techniques, e.g., SBSE coated with PDMS, PA or EG [38] or SBME coated with C8 polymer [39] for the extraction of carbamazepine; TFME coated with PDMS [44] for the extraction of 17--estradiol; SBSE coated with PDMS [42] for the extraction of clofibric acid; SBSE coated with PU [45] for the extraction of diclofenac, gemfibrozil or mefenamic acid. Additionally, the BAμE(npHS)-μLD/HPLC-DAD methodology sensitivity is similar when compared to analogue instrumental systems [37,39,45] and/or some mass spectrometry or tandem mass 26/40 spectrometry instrumental systems [40,44]. On the other hand, instrumental apparatus that employ mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry expectedly presented lower LODs than the proposed technique [38,41,44,46].…”

“…Compared with the commercially available and widespread used SBSE­(PDMS) device, the system BAμE­(HS/LiZn180)/HPLC-DAD allows 82 and 72% recovery at LOD of 2.0 μg L –1 of two hormones 17-α-ethinylestradiol and estrone, respectively, while the commercial device presents recoveries between 9 and 50% even using MS detectors. Additionally, the BAμE­(HS/LiZn180)-μLD/HPLC-DAD methodology sensitivity to all analytes is similar when compared to analogue instrumental systems, or even with some mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry instrumental systems in the case of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, 17-β-estradiol, 17-α-ethinyl­estradiol, and estrone. − …”

“…A comparison of the performance of the BAμE(npHS)-μLD/HPLC-DAD methodology and other established static-based microextraction techniques is shown in table 3 [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. As it can be observed, the developed methodology using BAμE devices coated with sucrose-based hydrochar presents similar or better recovery yields than other miniaturized enrichment techniques, e.g., SBSE coated with PDMS, PA or EG [38] or SBME coated with C8 polymer [39] for the extraction of carbamazepine; TFME coated with PDMS [44] for the extraction of 17--estradiol; SBSE coated with PDMS [42] for the extraction of clofibric acid; SBSE coated with PU [45] for the extraction of diclofenac, gemfibrozil or mefenamic acid.…”

Solventless Microextration Techniques for Pharmaceutical Analysis: The Greener Solution

“…The MIMEPS used much smaller volumes of solvents for conditioning, washing, and elution procedures, which makes it a greener alternative than the conventional SPE technique ( Soleimani et al, 2017 ). To enhance the extraction recoveries of sulphonamides from wastewater (88–109%), Salami et al ( Salami and Queiroz, 2014 ), used salting out by adding 15% NaCl, where the water molecules form hydration spheres around the NaCl molecules. In consequence, they reduce the water concentration available for dissolution of the analyte molecules, and this will drive additional analytes into the extraction phase.…”