Microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring

Abstract

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), as part of clinical process of medical treatments, is commonly used to maintain 'therapeutic' drug concentrations. TDM is useful to identify the causes of unwanted or unexpected responses, to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing, to improve clinical outcomes, and even to save lives. The determination of drug concentration in blood samples requires an excellent sample preparation procedure. Recent trends in sample preparation include miniaturization, automation, high-throughput performance, on-line coupling with analytical instruments and low-cost operation through extremely low or no solvent consumption. Microextraction techniques, such as liquid- and solid-phase microextraction, have these advantages over the traditional techniques. This paper reviews the recent developments in microextraction techniques used for drug monitoring in serum, plasma or blood samples.

Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) and Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) as Sample Preparation Procedures for the Metabolomic Profiling of Urine

“…Additionally, the powerful analytical performance that can be obtained by using high throughput platforms conjugating METs with LC, GC and MS is being successfully used in the characterization of a vast number of drugs and drugs metabolites used against diseases (reviewed in [13,61,62]). This allows for a sophisticated therapeutic drug monitoring that is critical for the success of the treatment of many diseases, particularly CVDs, OD and NDDs [69]. Several relevant reports on this subject are described in Table 2.…”

SPME as a promising tool in translational medicine and drug discovery: From bench to bedside

“…Thereby, this research provides information about the most appropriate dosage regimen to achieve the optimal response with minimal toxicity [3]. Considering the harmful, and sometimes possibly lethal side effects of certain drugs, each study within the drug discovery and development process has to be performed with the highest precision and reliability [5]. This requires employment of effective sample preparation, which can be a challenge undertaking the own of the complexity of biological matrices Currently, the majority of drug tests accomplish in the clinical setting are some variant of commercially available test kits [6].…”

Cyclodextrin‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the preconcentration of carbamazepine and clobazam with subsequent sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography

“…Carbamazepine and clobazam (Supporting Information Figure S1) are well‐known classical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) . To ensure the optimal efficacy while minimizing the risk of toxicity and other adverse effects, a simple, rapid, and sensitive analytical procedure to monitor the concentrations of carbamazepine and clobazam in biological fluids is required.…”