Microextraction using packed sorbent as an effective and high-throughput sample extraction technique: Recent applications and future trends.

Abstract

In the last decade, several developments, particularly in the liquid chromatography and hyphenated techniques fields, have allowed researchers to reach analytical limits that are becoming very close to the single molecule level. Sample preparation, however, despite being a key step in the analytical methodology, did not track these developments and very few approaches able to cope with these stringent analytical requirements were developed. One such approach is microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), a sophisticated and miniaturized form of solid phase extraction that has reduced to the microliter scale every step of the sample extraction methodology including sample volume and solvent usage. Simultaneously, the amount of extraction phase used was also reduced and, more importantly, the sorbent is reusable dozens of times which significantly lowers the cost of analysis versus other solid-phase extraction approaches. In this review, we will update the state-of-the-art of the MEPS technique, focusing on the trends and applications reported since 2010 and future perspectives and developments that in our view will further improve the high-throughput potential and applications of this sample preparation methodology. KeywordsMicroextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) • eVol • Sample preparation • Solid phase extraction (SPE) © 2013 J. Pereira et al., licensee Versita Sp. z o. o. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/26/14 1:57 PM Microextraction using packed sorbent as an effective and high-throughput sample extraction technique: Recent applications and future trends. Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/26/14 1:57 PM J. Pereira et al. 40 Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/26/14 1:57 PM Microextraction using packed sorbent as an effective and high-throughput sample extraction technique: Recent applications and future trends. Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/26/14 1:57 PM Microextraction using packed sorbent as an effective and high-throughput sample extraction technique: Recent applications and future trends.

An improved analytical strategy combining microextraction by packed sorbent combined with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography for the determination of fluoxetine, clomipramine and their active metabolites in human urine

“…This indicates that more advanced extraction techniques need to be developed. In this context, Abdel-Rehim [25] developed in 2004 the microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) a powerful technique based on the miniaturization of conventional SPE technique [26]. When compared to other extraction techniques, MEPS is very versatile, since its cartridge can be packed with any solid-phase material such as silica-based (C2, C8, C18), restricted access material (RAM) or molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and can reduce the volume of solvent and sample needed [27].…”

Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) and Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) as Sample Preparation Procedures for the Metabolomic Profiling of Urine

“…This involves the dilution of the sample (to reduce the sample viscosity), pH adjustment (to reduce the ionization of weak acids and bases for reversed-phase extraction), deproteination (with previous protein precipitation, for instance) and sample loading speed adjustment (an option in semi-automatic and automatic MEPS (reviewed in [9,35]).…”

“…Microextraction techniques (METs), which use a minimal extractant amount (sorbent or liquid phase) offer these benefits and are becoming widely used in different fields, such as the biomedical, food, forensic and environmental ones, just to name the most frequently described applications (reviewed in [8,9,10,11,12,13]).…”

Microextraction by packed sorbent: an emerging, selective and high‐throughput extraction technique in bioanalysis

“…Since a small amount of sorbent is used, only relatively small amounts of solvents are needed for elution of the analytes from the adsorbent. MEPS has been employed for the analysis of drugs, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic pollutants in environmental water samples (reviewed in Pereira et al ., ). It has also been successfully applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of a wide variety of drugs and/or metabolites in biological samples, such as plasma, serum, blood, urine, saliva and hair (Abdel‐Rehim, ; Alves et al ., ; Aufartová et al ., ; Bagheri et al ., ; Fu et al ., ; Gonçalves and Câmara, ; Moreno et al ., ; Noche et al ., ; Nováková and Vlčková, ; Rodrigues et al ., ; Said et al ., , ; Samanidou et al ., ).…”

“…A more detailed description of MEPS sorbent properties and target analyte extraction was recently provided by Pereira et al . (). Later in this review we will discuss other promising customized MEPS sorbents that have been reported, such as those using molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) and carbon nanotubes.…”