“…The σ dw for ‘naked’ (i.e., without coating) PFP nanodroplets is 56 ± 1 mN m −1 [46] , and it would be significantly reduced by coating a shell with lipid, surfactant, albumin, or polymer [2] . The predictions of P th with reduced σ dw = 14 mN m −1 and σ dw = 32 mN m −1 agree well with the experimental ADV thresholds of PFP nanodroplets coated by lipids (red point), fluorinated surfactant (Zonyl FSO, blue point) and polymer (PLGA, black point) shells, respectively [18] . Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 73%
“…(c) and (d) representing the predicted nucleation thresholds P th as a function of R d and σ dw , respectively. In the figure (c), the points with bar represent the experimental measurements [18] . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 . The applied ultrasound frequency f is 6 MHz, pulse duration τ p is 16.7 μs (i.e., 100 cycles per pulse), pulse-repetition frequency is 10 Hz and total irradiation time is 10 s, referring to the experimental condition used in previous experiments [18] .…”
Section: Theory and Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is challenging to achieve an optimal balance between in vivo stability and ADV threshold due to the discrepancy of high stability and low ADV threshold, as well as the complex effects of various parameters, such as nanodroplet properties (e.g., PFC core species, shell composition and droplet size), acoustic parameters (e.g., ultrasound frequency and pulse duration), medium rheology and ambient pressure/temperature, etc. [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . One attempt has been made to reduce the ADV threshold via utilizing PFC species with lower boiling points (e.g., perfluoropropane or perfluorobutane) [20] , [21] , but these PFCs are more water soluble [22] , faster clear and more likely to occur spontaneous vaporization during in vivo circulation [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , which would limit their utility.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Numerous experiments have been carried out to investigate the ADV process and determine the ADV threshold, nevertheless, it exhibited a large difference among them, probably due to the experimental inconsistencies and the sensitivity of ADV threshold to multiple parameters [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . Alternatively, theoretical prediction of ADV threshold has also been performed via investigating bubble growth in the PFC droplet [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] .…”
Highlights
Initial bubble nucleation in a metastable PFP nanodroplet during ADV was described.
The modified CNT combined the phase-change thermodynamics of PFP.
The thermodynamics was exactly predicted by the Redlich–Kwong equation of state.
The modified CNT eliminated the intrinsic limitations of the CNT.
Nanodroplet properties exerted strong influences on the ADV nucleation threshold.
“…The σ dw for ‘naked’ (i.e., without coating) PFP nanodroplets is 56 ± 1 mN m −1 [46] , and it would be significantly reduced by coating a shell with lipid, surfactant, albumin, or polymer [2] . The predictions of P th with reduced σ dw = 14 mN m −1 and σ dw = 32 mN m −1 agree well with the experimental ADV thresholds of PFP nanodroplets coated by lipids (red point), fluorinated surfactant (Zonyl FSO, blue point) and polymer (PLGA, black point) shells, respectively [18] . Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 73%
“…(c) and (d) representing the predicted nucleation thresholds P th as a function of R d and σ dw , respectively. In the figure (c), the points with bar represent the experimental measurements [18] . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 . The applied ultrasound frequency f is 6 MHz, pulse duration τ p is 16.7 μs (i.e., 100 cycles per pulse), pulse-repetition frequency is 10 Hz and total irradiation time is 10 s, referring to the experimental condition used in previous experiments [18] .…”
Section: Theory and Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is challenging to achieve an optimal balance between in vivo stability and ADV threshold due to the discrepancy of high stability and low ADV threshold, as well as the complex effects of various parameters, such as nanodroplet properties (e.g., PFC core species, shell composition and droplet size), acoustic parameters (e.g., ultrasound frequency and pulse duration), medium rheology and ambient pressure/temperature, etc. [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . One attempt has been made to reduce the ADV threshold via utilizing PFC species with lower boiling points (e.g., perfluoropropane or perfluorobutane) [20] , [21] , but these PFCs are more water soluble [22] , faster clear and more likely to occur spontaneous vaporization during in vivo circulation [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , which would limit their utility.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Numerous experiments have been carried out to investigate the ADV process and determine the ADV threshold, nevertheless, it exhibited a large difference among them, probably due to the experimental inconsistencies and the sensitivity of ADV threshold to multiple parameters [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . Alternatively, theoretical prediction of ADV threshold has also been performed via investigating bubble growth in the PFC droplet [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] .…”
Highlights
Initial bubble nucleation in a metastable PFP nanodroplet during ADV was described.
The modified CNT combined the phase-change thermodynamics of PFP.
The thermodynamics was exactly predicted by the Redlich–Kwong equation of state.
The modified CNT eliminated the intrinsic limitations of the CNT.
Nanodroplet properties exerted strong influences on the ADV nucleation threshold.
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