Microglia Fighting for Neurological and Mental Health: On the Central Nervous System Frontline of COVID-19 Pandemic

Andrade, Elisa Gonçalves de; Šimončičová, Eva; Carrier, Micaël; Vecchiarelli, Haley A.; Robert, Marie E.; Tremblay, Marie‐Ève

doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.647378

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 299 publications

(388 reference statements)

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“…In fact, if biological responses give our body the strength to facilitate survival and face immediate danger, long-lasting stress can cause problems, potentially compromising the functions of the whole organism [ 34 , 35 ]. Therefore, homotypic stress addiction can reduce the overall burden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of COVID-19 in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Marotta

Gorini

Parlanti

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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A marked decline in myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalizations was observed worldwide during the COVID-19 outbreak. The pandemic may have generated fear and adverse psychological consequences in these patients, delaying hospital access. The main objective of the study was to assess COVID fear through the FCV-19S questionnaire (a self-report measure of seven items) in 69 AMI patients (65 ± 11 years, mean ± SD; 59 males). Females presented higher values of each FCV-19S item than males. Older subjects (>57 years, 25th percentile) showed a higher total score with respect to those in the first quartile. The percentage of patients who responded “agree” and “strongly agree” in item 4 (“I am afraid of losing my life because of the coronavirus”) and 3 (“My hands become clammy when I think about the coronavirus”) was significantly greater in the elderly than in younger patients. When cardiovascular (CV) patients were compared to a previously published general Italian population, patients with CV disease exhibited higher values for items 3 and 4. Measures should be put in place to assist vulnerable and high CV risk patients, possibly adding psychologists to the cardiology team.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of COVID-19 in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Marotta

Gorini

Parlanti

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…In response to DAMPS, PAMPs, and peripheral cytokines, resident microglia become reactive, changing morphology and producing cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), which can also contribute to glutamate excitotoxicity. A sustained CRS can result in prolonging microglial reactivity, dysregulating the synaptic connections, and impeding the survivability of neurons [ 48 ]. Infiltrating neutrophils can also elicit neuronal damage by amplifying demyelination and contributing to oligodendrocyte apoptosis, as observed in virus-infected mouse models [ 49 ].…”

Section: Neuroinflammation In the Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Neurological Involvement in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Kang

2021

Med Sci Monit

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). As the infection spreads, there is increasing evidence of neurological and psychiatric involvement in COVID-19. Headache, impaired consciousness, and olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are common neurological manifestations described in the literature. Studies demonstrating more specific and more severe neurological involvement such as cerebrovascular insults, encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome are also emerging. Respiratory failure, a significant condition that leads to mortality in COVID-19, is hypothesized to be partly due to brainstem impairment. Notably, some of these neurological complications seem to persist long after infection. This review aims to provide an update on what is currently known about neurological involvement in patients with COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we demonstrate invasion routes of SARS-CoV-2, provide evidence to support the neurotropism hypothesis of the virus, and investigate the pathological mechanisms that underlie neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2.

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“…SARS CoV-2 infection can induce the activation of microglia, resident immune cells of the CNS, that play a role in both the regulation of homeostasis and inflammatory response [6]. The pathophysiological insults promoted by a viral infection or hypoxic condition determine the activation of microglia, which in turn activate the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) enzyme, responsible for the production of superoxide anion (O 2 − ) [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NOX2 Activation in COVID-19: Possible Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading contagious infectious disease caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS COV-2), that primarily affects the respiratory tract as well as the central nervous system (CNS). SARS COV-2 infection occurs through the interaction of the viral protein Spike with the angiotensin II receptor (ACE 2), leading to an increase of angiotensin II and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2 (NOX2), resulting in the release of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules. The purpose of the review is to explain that SARS CoV-2 infection can determine neuroinflammation that induces NOX2 activation in microglia. To better understand the role of NOX2 in inflammation, an overview of its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is provided. To write this manuscript, we performed a PubMed search to evaluate the possible relationship of SARS CoV-2 infection in NOX2 activation in microglia, as well as the role of NOX2 in NDs. Several studies highlighted that NOX2 activation in microglia amplifies neuroinflammation. To date, there is no clinical treatment capable of counteracting its activation, however, NOX2 could be a promising pharmaceutical target useful for both the treatment and prevention of NDs and COVID-19 treatment.

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Microglia Fighting for Neurological and Mental Health: On the Central Nervous System Frontline of COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 29 publications

References 299 publications

Fear of COVID-19 in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Fear of COVID-19 in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

A Review of Neurological Involvement in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

NOX2 Activation in COVID-19: Possible Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases

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